Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal

Biological Positivism and Crime Dissertation ProposalIntroductionOur society has decided that firearm is a creature born of free leave. At the same time, our system recognises that attitudes may be influenced by environmental factors. (Taylor, 1984 9) Adults who engage in criminal in allot are seen as having values which are distorted by adverse environmental conditions. Guilt whence is premised upon the concept that everyone who commits an act does so out of an bore of free will. A somebody is exuberanty capable of not committing the act, should he or she so desire. (Taylor, 1984 10) This approach is referred to as the classicist approach.Classicists have achieved near-total supremacy in the recent years way outing in our criminal jurist system being founded upon the concept that criminal behaviour is the complete result of environmental influences, that it is invoke that shapes conduct. This has ca ingestiond our social institutions to attempt to correct deviant behaviou r through modification to environmental influences through prison and rehabilitation programmes.The number of offences recorded by the patrol in the UK between June 2012 and June 2013 is 3.7 million (Office for National Statistics, 2013). It needs to be questioned whether this horror level is the result of a troubled society or the result of a breakdown in the criminal justice system? Recidivism is still occurring with more(prenominal) than one in four criminals reoffending within a year of release (Ministry of Justice, 2013). A possible reason for this could be that the whole premise on which we base our criminal justice is defective.If this classicist premise is wrong accordingly it is no question that recidivism is continuing to happen and that as a society we are failing to eradicate crime. If the actual cause of crime is identified then(prenominal) there is the emf of eliminating crime, easing pain, and instilling common trust and security.Stephen Mobley had all the att ributes of a natural born killer. At the age of 25, he walked into a pizza store and throw the manager in the neck after robbing the till. Nobody could blame his upbringing he came from a white, middle-class Ameri tramp family and had not been abused as a child. In 1995 he was waiting on death row in Georgia to hear whether his appointment with the electric chair was confirmed. His lawyer tried to prayer that his murder was not the evil result of free will but the tragic consequence of a genetic predisposition. His aunt, a witness for the defence, testified that various members of their family everyplace the past four generations have been very violent, aggressive and criminal. She told the court how the Mobley family had had murder, rape, robbery, and suicide. His lawyer therefore argued that there is no legal defence to Mobleys crime. Mobleys family storey is an obvious mitigating factor and his actions may not have been a product totally of free will (Connor, 1995).To date, there has been little agreement that a persons biology has an influence on crime. Early biologic theorists such as Lombroso have been widely discredited mainly on the basis of a flawed methodology however the recent and more contemporary biological explanations of crime have been shown to more credible.This dissertation will explore contemporary biological ideas on crime the role of genetics. What if there are people that are genetically predisposed to commit crimes? Should they be held to estimate for their actions that may have been all beyond their control? In light of the apparent failures of our current criminal justice system, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the real causes of crime. Can we permit to ignore the possibility that criminal behaviour could be due to genetics?There is excessively the issue of how society should deal with the offender whose crime was genetically influenced? Society has decided that no psyche should be held accountable for acts performed when he or she is mentally incapacitated. We have the defence of insanity when people who have a disease of the mind commit crimes. It needs to be considered whether genetic aberration should be considered in mitigation of, or as a defence to, a criminal charge.Some would say that to accept the notion that criminals are born rather than made would be opening a gateway to a clean-living minefield causing other factors including society, unemployment, and upbringing to be ignored (Connor, 1995).General Research AimIt is the purpose of this dissertation to assess the relevance of biological incontroertibility in the modern society through way of literature analysis. I will briefly explore early biological theories such as those of Lombroso and his idea of a criminal man, moving on to discuss contemporary biological ideas the influence of a persons genetics on criminal behaviour. The question will explore the effectiveness of penalization and how biological ideas may ha ve influenced punishment by placing emphasis on the interference of offenders. Finally, the ethical implications surrounding the intervention model will be considered.Aims and ObjectivesIn order to successfully answer my research aim, a number of sub-questions must be consideredHow does society view crime?This dissertation begins by explaining why further research into the topic is essential. The main body of this dissertation will be introduced with a handling of how our society currently views crime is it a product of a persons biological influences, environmental influences, or a combination of the two?What is biological positivism?In order to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society, I must first clarify what biological positivism actually is. I will explore early biological theories leading on to a discussion of contemporary biological ideas. Relevant case studies will be looked at to inspect the usefulness of these present day theories in explai ning crime and criminal behaviour.How has biological positivism affected punishment?The dissertation will then set off on to assess how these theories, previously discussed, have affected punishment. In order to do this I will first look to why we punish and what forms of punishment are currently used in the UK. Using reoffending statistics I will critically analyse the effectiveness of these current forms of punishment, leading on to a discussion about an alternative to punishment suggested by biological positivists The role of treatment.Is the treatment model effective?The effectiveness of the treatment model will then be evaluated. Consequently, emphasis on treatment over punishment carries huge ethical implications. These ethical implications will be discussed with an in depth exploration on the internalisation of the European Convention of Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998.Are there any proposals for change to the current criminal justice system which suggests a move towards the treatment of offenders?Finally, any proposals for change in the criminal justice system put forward by the Government will be discussed if they are of relevance to key points highlighted in this dissertation. Suggestions for future changes in the criminal justice system made by biological theorists will also be argued.ConclusionDespite the in-depth research there is still much debate on the true causes of crime. The central importance of identifying the causes of crime has been discussed through this dissertation. With some(prenominal) crime rates, and reoffending rates, being considerably high (Office for National Statistics, 2013 Ministry of Justice, 2013) it is vital that the causes of crime are identified, and individuals are therefore dealt with accordingly, in order for these figures to decrease.After researching into biological positivism, the use of biological theories in the current criminal justice system are identifiably lacking with more emphasis on environmental factors being seen as the causes of crime. A biosocial, multi-factor, approach has been formed over the recent years incorporating environmental, social, and biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009) nevertheless there seems to be an ignorance of biological factors.The aim of this dissertation was to identify the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through an analysis of existing literature. The main focus of the research was to identify contemporary biological ideas, and then examine how they influenced punishment in the criminal justice system in England and Wales. Theses influences were then analysed in terms of effectiveness, with ethical issues after being questioned.Biological positivism is relevant in todays society. The research does not suggest that biological factors are the sole cause of criminal behaviour for every individual offender, but that it can have an influence on an individuals susceptibility to commit a crime ( Hopkins Burke, 2009). Environmental and social factors also later contribute to shape the offender.Early biological theories stemmed from the work of Lombroso. Although his work is largely discredited, he laid the foundation on which much more credible explanations could be formed. Research into contemporary biological explanations, including twins studies and hormones, has led to the conclusion that criminality in a minority of offenders is solely caused by biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009).Although these more contemporary biological ideas have been shown to be credible, this credibility does not seem to be reflected in the current criminal justice system. Biological positivists have favoured treatment over punishment as way of dealing with offenders (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). This dissertation has recognised that emphasis is currently placed on punishment, and primarily, imprisonment. There have been many attempts over the years to adopt a treatment approach however, due to both financial and time-related restrictions, these attempts have been limited considerably.This limitation implies that sex offences are the only offences seen as a result of a biological defect in the offender. The rationale behind treatment being offered only to sex offenders however, is quite noticeably the result of some other reason sex offenders are the most despised group of offenders, even among other offenders and therefore there is an increased pressure on the criminal justice system to ensure that these offenders do not re-offend. Specialised treatment techniques such as chemical castration have therefore been true to deal with them (Miller, 1998).An implication of these findings, that a persons biology does have an effect on their susceptibility to commit crime, is that biological defects should be taken into account for all offenders and in turn, treatment should be offered to every individual offender despite costs. Although prison is used most commonly to punish offenders, and is arguably cheaper than treatment, abundant term costs are substantial. This suggests that it is more beneficial for the criminal justice system to invest in something that works to rehabilitate the offender and prevent them from reoffending, than to fall behind them preventing them from offending only on a short term basis. It is important that the cause of crime in each individual offender is identified and then dealt with accordingly.There have been numerous analyses of the treatment model in terms of ethical issues however authors of these analyses have either concluded that treatment violates all of the offenders rudimentary rights, or none of them (Miller, 1998). The analysis of these ethical issues through this dissertation has led to the conclusion that the current forms of treatment, offered on a voluntary basis, are not in breach of offenders rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. There is an underlying issue of discrimination however, u nder article 14 ECHR, as it can be argued that treatment offered only to sex offenders is discriminating it is discriminating for sex offenders, and also discriminating for those offenders that are not offered treatment.By offering treatment to all offenders it will ensure that any biological influences to crime in offenders can be addressed, and then treated. It has been earlier identified that not all offenders have a biological predisposition, but for those offenders that do, it may rehabilitate the individual and prevent reoffending. In response to this, article 14 ECHR and the prohibition of discrimination may not be as much of a concern. To offer treatment to all offenders would be a step towards removing this cause of discrimination. Other ethical issues surrounding treatment, including informed and legitimate consent, and off-label drugs, have also been addressed in this dissertation, and have been seen to be justified.RecommendationsIt has been identified that research in to twin studies, in particular monozygotic twins, is the most credible in terms of ascertaining the influence of genetics on criminal behaviour. It is therefore recommended that if it were possible to locate a representative sample of monozygotic twins who satisfied observational conditions, being separated at birth and growing up in different environments, then the true extent of how much influence our genes have on criminal behaviour can be determined.The criminal justice system must recognise that other offences, not only sex offences, can be the result of a genetic defect and consequently treatment should be offered to all offenders.Treatment drawn should be appropriate for the offender, and offered on a voluntary basis in order to avoid potential ethical issues. To ensure consent is free, informed and valid, offenders should be assessed to ensure they have the mental capacity to give consent, and to ensure they are aware of all risks involved. Although long term effects are u nknown, as long as the offender is aware of the uncertainty then informed consent is not an issue. Drugs should also be licensed for the purpose of treating offenders. More rigorous testing is needed using double-blind randomised trials along with full medical tests prior to, during and after treatment (Harrison, 2008).Genetic aberrations should be considered as a mitigating factor with consideration given to biological influences on the offender when sentencing.

Proteins Therapy for Drug Discovery

Proteins Therapy for Drug DiscoveryProteins ar around dynamic and diverse macromolecules in our body, thus numerous functionally distinct proteins hold enormous promise for the development of new therapeutics for a variety of human ailments which contain mutated or other abnormal proteins, or those in an abnormally high or low concentration. However, the clinical application of protein therapeutics is still in its infancy since the poor physicochemical stability of proteins in the circulation and their limited membrane permeability interrupt successful actors line to the target sites. This review discusses advantages and limitations of current strategies, as salutary as the recent developments in protein delivery using nanoparticles. We to a fault highlight nanoparticle-mediated alternative administration routes to injection, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, and transdermal delivery.Keywords nanoparticles, protein delivery, protein therapeutics, administration routes, drug deli very systemsIntroductionWith the strong ingathering in biopharmaceuticals and advanced drug delivery technologies in recent years, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly turning toward protein therapeutics in the search for drug discovery targets. A study by BCC Research indicated that the global market for bioengineered protein drugs was valued at $151.9 billion in 2013 and the market is further expected to grow to about $222.7 billion in 2019 for a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% from 2014 through 2019 1. Compared with the conventional small-molecule drugs that currently make up the majority of the pharmaceutical market, protein drugs offer the advantages of high specificity and less toxicity, w hereas the high specificity often requires structural complexity of the proteins which can make them difficult to formulate, as well as challenging to deliver proteins to target disease sites. Nanotechnology-based approaches, including drug delivery systems using nanostruc tures such(prenominal) as liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, and nanofabricated devices, has improved therapeutics in the field of biomedical applications 2,3. This review describes current protein delivery technologies including those in the market, recent progress, and unmet needs in the formulations and delivery of proteins. The advances in nanotechnology reviewed here highlight that major hurdles in protein delivery can be met even through the patient-friendly, non-invasive routes.Progress and challenges in protein deliveryTo achieve successful protein therapeutics, the infixed characteristics of proteins such as structural instability and short half life should be improved by invention appropriate protein delivery weapons platforms. Inadequate design or formulation of protein drugs can cause degradation, denaturation, and/or aggregation of the protein molecules, and these could potentially cause immunogenic side effect s after administration as well as contribute to a press release in pharmacological activity. Effective intracellular protein delivery also remains a challenge as hydrophilic and large sizes of proteins are hardly permeated through the cell membrane. In this section, current technologies to deliver proteins, including intracellular delivery strategies, and their limitations will be discussed.Current protein formulations and modificationsBiodegradable microparticles (1-1000 m) are attractive agnatic depot formulations for long-term protein drug release (from week to month). They enable sustained release of the proteins by both the diffusion of proteins from the polymer matrix and the degradation/erosion of the polymer 4,5. The most widely used material for the encapsulation of proteins is poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), as they are mechanically strong, biocompatible, biodegradable with favorable degradation rates, non-toxic, and ratified for use in humans by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 6. Encapsulation of proteins into the microparticles can be prepared by several methods such as double emulsion, which is most widely used technique, signifier separation (coacervation), ultrasonic atomization, spray-drying, microfluidics, etc. 7. Once the proteins are encapsulated into microparticles, their release kinetics depend on the microparticle size, molecular mass of polymer, ratio of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, polydispersity of microparticle size, and loading amount of proteins. Generally, bigger size of microparticles lead to more prolonged protein release, but they can cause potential blockage of the needle required for administration, also the stability and bioactivity of the released proteins in the physiological condition need to be considered for long-term delivery. Degradation and erosion of PLGA can lower the pH inside the microparticles, which can further bring denaturation of the protein as well as aggregate formation. Currently, t here are few microparticle drug delivery formulations (e.g. Trelstar depot) on the market and several(a) microparticles have been designed for therapeutic protein delivery such as bone morpho ancestral protein-2 8, insulin 9, recombinant human epidermal growth factor 10, and recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) 11.Proteins smaller than 70 kDa are mostly cleared from the systemic circulation by glomerular filtration 12. Chemical modification of proteins with hydrophilic polymers can reduce this renal clearance by increasing their molecular weight and/or hydrodynamic dynamic radius. The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to proteins (PEGylation), as a typical example, elevates protein stability and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and the benefits of PEGylation have the PEGylated therapeutic proteins have reached the market with many examples on various stages of clinical development including Naloxegol (MovantikTM AstraZeneca) which was approved by FDA in 201 4 for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation 13,14. Hyperglycosylation can also extend biological half-life and improve stability by improving solubility of proteins and reducing immunogenicity. The addition of sugar molecules to a protein is more natural surgical procedure than PEGylation since it is already a part of endogenous post-translational enzymatic process as well as polysaccharides are readily degraded into native glucose molecules 15. N-glycosylated EPO (Aranesp) is marketed by Amgen from 2001, and there are more glycosylated protein drugs under preclinical and clinical investigating such as polysialylated forms of EPO, granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (G-CSF), and insulin 16. Although the chemical modification provides the prolonged circulation half-life of the proteins, this approach can result in unfavorable conformational changes, a loss of biological activity and binding affinity to their target due to steric hindrance, and heterogeneity 17. This reduct ion in physicochemical properties leads to the systemic exposure of proteins to get enough pharmacological potency, but toxicities related to peak exposure can limit their clinical use. Various efforts aiming for the maintenance of protein activity are being made by designing site-specific modification. For example, chemical ligation of synthetic peptides including levulinyllysine to EPO indicated superior hematopoietic activity compared to native protein 18. More recent advances in chemoselective targeting show that the incorporation of canonical and noncanonical amino acids can enhance the selectivity, while improving PEG architecture 19.In addition to chemical modification, genetic constructs and fusion technologies have been intensively studied to elevate protein half-life and delivery efficacy. Fc-based fusion proteins that are composed of an immunoglobin Fc land and genetically linked therapeutic protein to this domain are promising approaches as Fc-fusion can endow a protein with singular effector functions mediated by Fc receptor binding and complement fixation 20. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediated recycling and transcytosis process results in half-life multiplication (e.g. IgG up to 21 days) and also the increased molecular weight of fusion proteins through the size of the Fc-domain (50 kDa) reduces renal clearance 21. A deem of therapeutic proteins based on fusion with the IgG Fc domain are on the market for clinical use since Fc-fused tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2 (Enbrel Amgen/Pfizer) was approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and plaque psoriasis in 1998, and several candidates are currently under clinical trials 22. Recent Fc-fusion platforms focus on the ways to retain biological activity and binding affinity which can be commonly decreased after fusion process 23,24. Jung et al. included a chaperone protein in Toll-like receptor 4 Fc-fusion to stabilize the desired partner 25. The development of heterodimeric Fc platforms based on strand-exchange engineered domain CH3 heterodimers consisted of alternating segments of human IgA and IgG CH3 shows multiple specificities within homodimeric Fc-fusion platform 26. To utilize alternative backbones, such as IgA, IgE, and IgM, may also serve benefits to the activity of the fused partner 27-29. However, concerns are ongoing about the immunogenicity of Fc-fusion proteins because interactions between the Fc domain and its receptors have multivariable immunological consequences, which can raise concerns in the treatment for chronic disease 30. Other attempts to target FcRn including albumin fusion which has direct interaction with FcRn and genetic engineering of Fc domains have also been reported. A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) albumin fusion achieved 5 day half-life and received FDA-approval (Albiglutide GSK) for the treatment of type-2 diabetes 31. A recombinant polypeptide fusion construct which consists of an shapeless polypeptide and protein drug is another example of generic fusion technology capable of extending plasma half-life. Schellenberger et al. developed an exenatide-XTEN fusion and demonstrated 58 times increased half-life and a low rate of immunogenicity in animals, even in the presence of the adjuvant 32. Still, issues remain in safety of fusion approaches, in particular in the case of fusions with native human proteins because of the cross-reactivity with endogenous homologues which can affect on a long-term safety and clearance of subsequent doses 33.

A Gangster Turns Writer :: Free Essay Writer

A GANGSTETR TURNES WRITERThere was a kid named Tony Davidson who lived in Italy, Tonys dad had a very powerful gang in Italy and everybody knew who they were. If youre having any problems Ill fix them. Said Tonys dad. Tony however didnt like rage he thought that all things could be handled peacefully. However everyone at school was afraid of him. They always bought him presents, gave him money because they knew if they didnt they would the price. Tony never asked for any of it though. All he wanted was real friends, not friends that just use him to be on his dads good side. Everyone was too scared to tell the Italian police because if they did they and their families would be in trouble. Until one day one barefaced man told an officer at the train station. A person who was at the station at the time quickly told Tonys dad.We must move to America. Tonys dad told Tony. Fine lets go said Tony. So they got on their private which they stole from a rich Italian family, just for the fr ee rein of it and moved to America.It was still summer in America so school had not yet started. Tony, Tonys dad, and the gang all knew English from when they took lessons in Italy.In the high school in which Tony was to be attending there was a-lot of mean people who were jealous and beat you up just for fun. In Italy Tony heard that American schools were bad and didnt teach you anything except for stupid stuff. However when Tony arrived at his school he realized this was not true.However what was true was that people kept making fun of him for no good reason. They were all jealous of his first day outfit he had on a Gucci suit, with Prada shoes, and a Louis Vuitton backpack. Everybody messed up all his clothes and when he told his principal, the principal said neither Sorry I dont like nor help Italians.Tony almost started crying when his dad came to disperse him up in a Ferrari a kid threw an egg at the car. Tonys dad got out of the car and beat the kid up. The kid was hurt so badly he was put in a wheelchair. Dad why did you do that? Violence is wrong said Tony. No it isnt violence is good said his dad.

Coal Mining Essay -- Economy Economics Energy Resources Essays

Coal Mining Coal, a mineral I have discussed previously, is necessary to our everyday lives. Coal is an incredible source of vigor it heats our houses and buildings, and also fuels stoves. You may often wonder where this extremely useful mineral comes from. Coal does not just appear it needs to be mined by a process which results in our being able to utilize it. Coal mining is fairly inexpensive, is carried out on a large scale and tush be mined in either underground or come out of the closet mines.Surface mining is the coal mining process that accounts for around 60% of the get together States coal. It tends to be very efficient, with a single worker recovering up to 30 to 40 tons of coal in a day. To begin surface mining coal, a drill must first probe the area to be mined in order to determine the depth of the coal as well as the overburden which lies on top of the coal. Bulldozers are then utilize to strip away the topsoil, which is then put into piles and later step in the stripped areas of earth. Next, large, even enormous equipment called draglines are used to remove more and more of the overburden, as the stripping becomes deeper and deeper. After this process, machines called track-dozers fracture the coal, making it possible for cranes or bulldozers to scoop out the coal and transport it to crushers. Now, the topsoil that was set aside at the beginning is replaced. This process is called reclamation. The mined areas can then be used for a variety of things from parks to f...

The Apology Essay -- Greek, Socrates, Plato

In this paper I will be discussing the four-spot charges brought against Socrates in Platos essay The Apology and why exactly each(prenominal) of these charges is completely fictitious. The four charges brought against Socrates were that he argued the physical over the metaphysical, he argued the weaker claim over the stronger claim, he went against the gods, and he was corrupting the youth (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). Each of these four charges is ill-advised for varying reasons and I will be addressing each explanation on why each charge is a complete sham, after discussing each charge. The offshoot charge made against Socrates was that he argued the physical over the metaphysical (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). This charge says that he believed in reason and science over the teachings of the gods. This alleged crime helped do work the basis for the hatred and distrust the Athenians felt toward Socrates (Plato, p. 51). Socrates accusers claimed, Socrates is an evil-doer and a c urious person, who searches into things under the earth and in the heavens (Plato, p. 51). This claim is completely false for multiple reasons. Primarily, Socrates only when did not argue the physical over the metaphysical he just wanted to find true knowledge. He did not have any vex in this argument at all (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). In Socrates opening statement to the court, Socrates identified the first charge to be false by directly confronting the philosophers who rattling did this style of teaching. He stated, I will ask you then to assume with me that my opponents are of two kinds one more recent, the other from the past. I will help the latter first, for these accusations you heard long before the others (Plato, p. 51). In this statement Socrates was referr... ...s statement by Melatus illustrates that Melatus doesnt have any knowledge on how to help the youth and that his main intention is to get Socrates sentenced to death (Plato, p. 54). In this paper I talke d about Platos essay The Apology, in which Socrates was accused of committing four crimes against the people of Athens. These four charges were that he argued the physical over the metaphysical, he argued the weaker claim over the stronger claim, he went against the gods, and he corrupted the youth (Singer, lecture, 9-15-11). Each of these claims was completely erroneous for their own reasons, that the court sentenced him to death anyways (Plato, p. 61). The fact that he was executed despite being falsely accused and the fact that he accepted death instead of abandoning his beliefs helped actualize him the philosopher that is loved and revered still to this day.

Advantages of Telecommuting Essay -- Employment Work Papers

Advantages of telecommutingToday much focus is being placed on the ability of organizations (private, and public) to increase their productivity, and quality of service. As a issue it is necessary to improve the well being of employees, decrease unnecessary costs, and enhance the competitiveness of the organization. Given this, it is no accident that telecommuting, is one of the largest growing areas, in pliant alternative work schedules. The influence of globalization over all aspects, of many economies, also increases the effectiveness of telecommuting. Now, more than ever, many employees are taking advantage of terminate their work in an alternative work environment. Advantages can be tangible, much(prenominal) as reduction in office space, or intangible, such as ameliorate family life. Employee advantages include freedom, decreased clothing expenses, and increased moral. Employers also benefit from telecommuting. Reduced absenteeism, and reduced financial cost, are only two reasons why an employer should consider implementing a telecommuting program. There are also environmental advantages to acknowledge, with regards to telecommuting, such as the reduction of traffic, and thereby the reduction of pollution.Spinning off, from the success of telecommuting, are companies, who offer help, with incorporating telecommuting, such as HOMEWORKS, and JALA International, Inc. Some companies list jobs for people interested in telecommuting positions. Still, there are also professional organizations established to enhance the performance of telecommuters, give care the International Telework Association & Council (ITAC) . My personal experience with telecommuting has been so positive that I felt it was necessary to research its advantages, an... ...rnational Inc., www.jala.com/ustcforecast.htm Press Releases, JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/whatsnew.htm JALA and Telework, JALA International Inc., www.jala.com/history.htm HomeWorks for Telecommuting, www.co ronado.ca.us/TMA/homeworks.html Report on the Home Office Computing Survey of Telecommuting Practices, Amy Bellinger, Helen LeVan, Article, Home Office Computing Magazine, www.bluemarble.net/amyloo/tele.htmlprofile AT&T Releases Results of Telecommuting sidereal day Survey, Released 9/20/94, www.att.com/press/0994/940920.chc.html Marketing Firms Wrestle with Telecommuting, 11/10/98, American Marketing Association 1998, http//www.shrm.org/hrnews/. US Telecommuting social movement Surpasses 11 Million Strong Economy, Internet Spur Growth, Article, International Telework Association & Council (ITAC) WebSite, www.telecommute.org

Making of the A-Bomb :: essays research papers

The machine gun mechanized war. Artillery and gas mechanized war. They were the hardware of the war, the tools. But they wereonly proximately the mechanism of the slaughter. The ultimate mechanism was a method of cheek-anachronistically speaking, asoftware package. "The basic lever," the writer Gil Elliot comments, "was the conscription law, which made vast numbers of menavailable for military service. The civil machinery which ensured the carrying out of this law, and the military organization which turnednumbers of men into battalions and divisions, were each founded on a bureaucracy. The production of resources, in particular guns andammunition, was a matter for civil organization. The movement of men and resources to the front, and the intrench system of defence,were military concerns." Each interlocking system was logical in itself and each system could be rationalized by those who worked itand moved through it. Thus Elliot demonstrates, "It is rational to obey the law, it is good to organize well, it is ingenious to deviseguns of high technical capacity, it is sensible to shelter human beings against massive firepower by putting them in defensive trenches." What was the purpose of this complex organization? Officially it was supposed to save civilization, protect the rights of smalldemocracies, demonstrate the superiority of Teutonic culture, beat the dirty Hun, beat the tyrannical British, what have you. But the mencaught in the middle came to glimpse a darker truth. "The War had become undisguisedly mechanical and inhuman," Siegfried Sassonallows a fictional infantry officer to see. "What in earlier days had been drafts of volunteers were now droves of victims." Men on everyfront independently discovered their victimization. Awareness intensified as the war dragged on. In Russia it detonate in revolution. InGermany it motivated desertions and surrenders. Among the French it led to mutinies in the front lin es. Among the British it fosteredmalingering. Whatever its ostensible purpose, the end result of the complex organization that was the competent software of the Great War was themanufacture of corpses. This essentially industrial operation was fantasized by the generals as a "strategy of attrition." The British triedto kill Germans, the Germans tried to kill British and French and so on, a "strategy" so familiar by now that it almost sounds normal. Itwas not normal in atomic number 63 before 1914 and no one in authority expected it to evolve, despite the pioneering lessons of the AmericanCivil War. Once the trenches were in place, the long grave already remove (John Masefields bitterly ironic phrase), then the war stalemated