Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)

Can the government require people to get a special license in order to spread their religious message or promote their religious beliefs in residential neighborhoods? That used to be common, but it was challenged by Jehovahs Witnesses who argued that the government didnt have the authority to impose such restrictions on people. Fast Facts: Cantwell v. Connecticut Case Argued: March 29, 1940Decision Issued: May 20, 1940Petitioner: Newton D. Cantwell, Jesse L. Cantwell, and Russell D. Cantwell, Jehovahs Witnesses proselytizing in a predominantly Catholic neighborhood in Connecticut, who were arrested and convicted under a Connecticut statute banning the unlicensed soliciting of funds for religious or charitable purposesRespondent: The state of ConnecticutKey Question: Did the Cantwells’ convictions violate the First Amendment?  Majority Decision: Justices Hughes, McReynolds, Stone, Roberts, Black, Reed, Frankfurter, Douglas, MurphyDissenting: NoneRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that statute requiring a license to solicit for religious purposes constituted a prior restraint upon speech violating the First Amendments guarantee of free speech as well as the First and 14th Amendments guarantee of the right to the free exercise of religion. Background Information Newton Cantwell and his two sons traveled to New Haven, Connecticut, in order to promote their message as Jehovahs Witnesses. In New Haven, a statute required that anyone wishing to solicit funds or distribute materials had to apply for a license - if the official in charge found that they were a bona fide charity or religious, then a license would be granted. Otherwise, a license was denied. The Cantwells did not apply for a license because, in their opinion, the government was in no position to certify Witnesses as a religion - such a decision was simply outside the governments secular authority. As a result they were were convicted under a statute which forbade the unlicensed soliciting of funds for religious or charitable purposes, and also under a general charge of breach of the peace because they had been going door-to-door with books and pamphlets in a predominantly Roman Catholic area, playing a record entitled Enemies which attacked Catholicism. Cantwell alleged that the statute they had been convicted under infringed upon their right to free speech and challenged it in the courts. Court Decision With Justice Roberts writing the majority opinion, the Supreme Court found that statutes requiring a license to solicit for religious purposes constituted a prior restraint upon speech and gave the government too much power in determining which groups were permitted to solicit. The officer who issued licenses for solicitation was authorized to inquire whether the applicant did have a religious cause and to decline a license if in his view the cause was not religious, which gave government officials too much authority over religious questions. Such a censorship of religion as the means of determining its right to survive is a denial of liberty protected by the First Amendment and included in the liberty which is within the protection of the Fourteenth. Even if an error by the secretary can be corrected by the courts, the process still serves as an unconstitutional prior restraint: To condition the solicitation of aid for the perpetuation of religious views or systems upon a license, the grant of which rests in the exercise of a determination by state authority as to what is a religious cause, is to lay a forbidden burden upon the exercise of liberty protected by the Constitution. The breach of the peace accusation arose because the three accosted two Catholics in a strongly Catholic neighborhood and played them a phonograph record which, in their opinion, insulted the Christian religion in general and the Catholic Church in particular. The Court voided this conviction under the clear-and-present danger test, ruling that the interest sought to be upheld by the State did not justify the suppression of religious views that simply annoyed others. Cantwell and his sons may have been spreading a message that was unwelcome and disturbing, but they did not physically attack anyone. According to the Court, the Cantwells simply did not pose a threat to public order merely by spreading their message: In the realm of religious faith, and in that of political belief, sharp differences arise. In both fields the tenets of one man may seem the rankest error to his neighbor. To persuade others to his own point of view, the pleader, as we know, at times, resorts to exaggeration, to vilification of men who have been, or are, prominent in church or state, and even to false statement. But the people of this nation have ordained in the light of history, that, in spite of the probabilities of excesses and abuses, these liberties are in the long view, essential to enlightened opinion and right conduct on the part of the citizens of a democracy. Significance This judgment prohibited governments from creating special requirements for people spreading religious ideas and sharing a message in an unfriendly environment because such speech acts do not automatically represent a threat to public order. This decision was also notable because it was the first time that the Court had incorporated the Free Exercise Clause into the Fourteenth Amendment - and after this case, it always has.

The Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws - 1613 Words

Current mandatory minimum sentencing laws are in dire need of reform. A mandatory minimum sentence is a court decision where judicial discretion is limited by law. As a result, there are irrevocable prison terms of a specific length for people convicted of particular federal and state crimes. As of January 2014, more than 50 percent of inmates in federal prisons are serving time for drug offenses, and more than 60 percent of people incarcerated are racial and ethnic minorities. The use of safety valves and implementation of the Fair Sentencing Act are a few methods Congress employed to combat racial disparity in prisons. Mandatory minimum sentencing harshly punishes non-violent offenders, disproportionately affects minorities, and skews the balance of power between judges and prosecutors. Throughout the majority of the 19th and 20th century, federal trial judges had a great deal of unlimited sentencing discretion. Unrestrained discretion can lead to sentencing disparities in particular cases, such as drug possession crimes. In 1952, the United States Congress enacted the Boggs Act, one of the first instances of mandatory minimum sentencing. Under the Boggs Act, the possession of marijuana, cocaine, or heroin carried a mandatory minimum of two years with a maximum of five years in prison. Nevertheless, in 1970, the United States Congress revoked the mandatory minimum sentencing for cannabis offenses. Later in 1986, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act created new mandatory minimumShow MoreRelatedThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1688 Words   |  7 Pageserrors; one in particular that caught my attention was the mandatory minimum sentencing laws. These laws basically set minimum sentences for certain crimes that judges cannot lower, even for extenuating circumstances. The most common of these laws deal with drug offenses and set mandatory minimum sentences for possession of a drug over a certain amount. Sentencing procedures can vary from jurisdiction to Jurisdiction. Most of these laws are ineffective and causes unnecessary jail overcrowding. Read MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1528 Words   |  7 Pagespenalties, mandatory minimum sentencing laws were enacted. These laws help keep citizens protected, while criminals are incarcerated. John Oliver, the host of Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, talks about how mandatory minimum sentencing increases the number of criminals incarcerated, and he believes the length of their prison time is longer than it should be. He shows videos of criminals who were convicted under the mandatory minimum law with drug crimes. These videos explain how this law affectedRead MoreIs The Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Law?1593 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone in the second degree and be sentenced to a minimum of 10 years ? Is it right to take a parent away from their children for upwards of 20 years? The United States government thinks this is fair and allows for less discrimination in the federal justice system, this law is called the Mandatory Minimum Sentencing law. It has been around since the late 18th century, but did not start affecting drug possession until mid 20th century. Mandatory Minimums were initially designed to have a â€Å"cookie cutter†Read MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Law1411 Words   |  6 Pagessentenced to a minimum of 10 years? Is it right to take a parent away from their children for upwards of 20 years? The United States government thinks this is fair and allows for less discrimination in the justice system, this law is called the Mandatory Minimum Sentencing law which has been around since the late 18th century. The Mandatory Minimum is for several types of crimes ranging from drug possession, possession of illegal firearms, and sex crimes against children. But this law was initiallyRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe establishment of mandatory minimum sentencing laws has been a policy blunder since their proliferation in the 1980s. Mandatory minimum laws are negatively affecting the U.S, economically and socially. These laws effectively strip judges of their ability to adjudicate a fair punishment by setting a minimum sentence and handing their discretion over to prosecutors. A number of individuals and their families have been negatively affected by mandatory minimum penalties, however, there are othersRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws2000 Words   |  8 Pagesrequired minimum sentencing laws. Laws that are put intact so that Congress might have control over what happens with a convict in the judiciary court system. It is essential that these laws are dealt away with; they are creating greater harms than benefits for the public. They are costing the American people from their mo ney, abstinence from their families, and to some extent even rights as U.S. citizens. The United States Congress should repeal mandatory minimum sentencing laws. â€Å"A mandatory term stipulatesRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws For Drug Offences1089 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most notable being mandatory minimum sentencing laws for drug offences. This issue has been extensively researched by Kieran Riley with an article in the Boston University Law Journal titled â€Å"Trial by Legislature: Why Statutory Mandatory Minimum Sentences Violate the Separation of Powers Doctrine†, Paul Cassell and Erik Luna with a peer-reviewed scholarly article titled â€Å"Sense and Sensibility in Mandatory Minimum Sentencing†, and the Families Against Mandatory Minimums organization with a policyRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1468 Words   |  6 Pagescriminals walking free while so many non-violent offenders are locked up? Although various aspects have fueled this inequity of justice, the factors that have contributed the most to this development are, undoubtedly, the War on Drugs and mandatory minimum se ntencing laws which have led to punishment disproportionate to the offense. 59% of rape cases and 36.2% of murder cases in the United States are never solved. In 2011, less than half of all violent crimes committed found any resolution. This dilemmaRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws Should Be Legal Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesMandatory minimum sentencing laws entail binding prison terms to a certain length for people who have been convicted of state or federal crimes. These intransigent, â€Å"universally adaptable† sentencing laws may seem like an easy and quick solution for crime. However, these laws prevent judges from suiting the punishment to the criminal according to their offenses. Mandatory minimum sentencing causes not only state but federal prisons to overcrowd, extortionate tax costs, and deflect from law enforcementRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws Should Be Legal1150 Words   |  5 Pagesuse of mandatory minimum sentencing laws to keep drug offenders locked up for longer than they should be. Mandatory minimum sentencing laws are laws that require binding prison terms of a particular length for people convicted of certain federal and state crimes. Most mandatory minimum sentences apply to drug offenses, but Congress has enacted them for other crimes, including certain gun, pornography, and economic offenses. For the purpose of this paper, the focus will be on the mandatory minimum

Technological Advancements Are Being Taking-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question Discuss About The Technological Advancements Are Being Taking? Answer: Introduction Technological advancements are being taking place in every business sector at an extremely rapid rate. Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the examples of the latest developments that have been done. IoT refers to the working of a varied number of elements such as computing devices, electrical applications, databases etc. through an inter-networking medium that is Internet. The goal of each of the elements that are involved in a particular IoT application is common. There are various entities that are working on different IoT projects currently (Rose, 2015). Microsoft along with Schneider Electric came up with one such project in the agriculture field and termed it as Kiwi IoT project. Problem Definition Every country has agriculture as one of the major activities that are performed. A large share of water and mineral resources are used in the activities that are associated with agriculture. There are several issues that come up in terms of farming methods, monitoring and control, gathering of information etc. that are involved in the process. Waterforce is an organization that brought a solution to such issues with a cloud based IoT system carrying out latest analytics and remote monitoring to execute sustainable farming (Itbrief, 2017). Application of IoT in Agriculture Solution Features The system is scalable in nature Cloud-based Mobile capabilities are provided Detailed analysis of the watering plants that are involved Compliance check with the regulatory processes Remote control and monitoring of the agricultural activities Data collection and analysis to understand weather patterns Adjustments of the irrigational activities as per the weather situations Backing up of the data Smart farming Processes Working of the Project The solution that is designed by Waterforce in collaboration with Microsoft and Schneider Electric has been termed as SCADAfarm. It is a water management and irrigation organization system that makes used of the IoT platform that has been developed by Microsoft Azure. The framework that is used in the system is provided by Microsoft in the form of its hub services. The software, hardware along with the technologies that have been implemented have been contributed by Schneider Electric. It makes use of the cloud based architecture including several sensors, controls and automated speed driving equipment (Zheng, 2017). Pros and Cons Currently, the solution has already been implemented in various farms across New Zealand. The primary aim of the system is to support sustainable environment with the aid of environment friendly farming practices. The system makes use of extensive water logistics and pumping uphill to ensure that the steep terraces are provided with adequate water supply (Chen, 2014). The management of the farms with the use of traditional farming equipment and the traditional practices is not applicable anymore. Also, it possesses a lot of risk for the environment as well (Evans, 2011). SCADAfarm, therefore, enriches the practices and procedures that are followed in the farming activities. The following benefits are provided to the users with the installation of the IoT system. The system allows the remote monitoring to be carried out in association with the irrigation pumps that are used in the farms The operations that are executed with the aid of the irrigation pumps can also be done remotely The system allows the customization activities to be done for every category and type of the crop Customization and suggestions are also provided on the basis of other factors such as type of the soil along with the level of moisture that is present The system gathers the real-time data from the weather stations to provide recommendations on the practices that shall be applied on the basis of the weather condition There are, however, a few cons that are also associated with the IoT system. The main drawback that exists is the cost that is associated with the system. The cost of the equipment along with the deployment and maintenance cost is considerable. There is also a frequent update of the system that is required to be done to make sure that there are no flaws and defects present. There may be technological guidance that may also be necessary to understand a few features and functionalities. There is assistance and support included in the system; however, the user may get stuck in certain scenarios. Conclusion IoT applications have the ability to add a lot to the utility of the users along with the other benefits in terms of ease of usage, inclusion of automation and so on. The IoT system that has been described above also offers many benefits in the form of environmental advantages as the system supports conservation of resources and also carries out sustainable farming (Miorandi, 2012). References Chen, S. (2014). A Vision of IoT: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities With China Perspective. Ieeexplore.ieee.org. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6851114 Evans, D. (2011). The Internet of Things How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf Itbrief. (2017). Microsoft Schneider Electric partner on Kiwi IOT project. Itbrief.co.nz. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://itbrief.co.nz/story/microsoft-schneider-electric-partner-kiwi-iot-project/ Miorandi, D. (2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.717.517rep=rep1type=pdf Rose, K. (2015). The Internet of Things: An Overview. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://www.internetsociety.org/sites/default/files/ISOC-IoT-Overview-20151014_0.pdf Zheng, L. (2017). Technologies, Applications, and Governance in the Internet of Things. Retrieved 8 August 2017, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.477.3121rep=rep1type=pdf

Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theories

The world has been characterized by many psychologists. They strive towards explaining and solving issues associated with human behavior and personality. Psychologists owe much allegiance to several people. Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers have contributed significantly to the growth of psychology (Capuzzi, 2004). Several theories such as Psychodynamic, Humanistic and Existential, Dispositional, or Learning are common. This paper gives an analysis of the Psychodynamic and Humanistic theories.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic Theory correlates human behavior and relations to conscious and unconscious influences. Today, the role of social factors in development is also considered in psychodynamics (Capuzzi, 2004). Psychodynamic therapy places emphasis on unconscious processes revealed in ones presen t behavior. Psychodynamic therapy aims at understanding the influence of the past on present behavior. In addition, a client’s self-awareness is vitally important. Past dysfunctional relationships contribute to unresolved conflicts and symptoms. The manifestation of such is important to a psychotherapist. Psychoanalytic theory is the genesis of the psychodynamic theory. The Freudian, Ego Psychology, Object Relations and Self Psychology theories are four schools of psychoanalytic theory that influence psychodynamic theory. According to Freud, self (or ego) regulates between the id and external reality (Capuzzi, 2004). The importance of early childhood experiences, internal psychological processes and existence of unconscious motivation, ego and defense mechanisms are the major concepts in this theory. Psychic equilibrium is maintained through defense mechanisms. The latter minimizes any pain suffered. The superego aims at regulating drives through guilt. Ego psychology focuses on promoting ego function that is in line with the demands of reality. Individual’s capacity for defense, adaptation and reality testing are emphasized in great depth (Capuzzi, 2004). Object Relations psychology asserts that the surrounding shapes human beings. The fact that most time is spent maintaining relations and differentiating ourselves from others are reminiscent of this theory. Childhood representations of self manifest themselves in adult relations. The mastery of old relationships is achieved. This makes it possible to be freed from such relationships. Self psychology is concerned with the impact of presence or lack of a sense of self-esteem. The establishment of boundaries and differentiation of self is emphasized (Bernstein, 2010). Psychodynamic psychotherapy incorporates Freud’s ideas of psychosexual development, free association, defense mechanisms and therapeutic techniques of interpretation. The long term goals of psychodynamic psychotherapy are symp tom and personality change. Early life conflicts, non-psychotic and personality disorders are addressed.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychodynamic therapies conducted to treat depressed persons resolve the patient’s conflicted feelings. Their duration of the therapies is until when depressive symptoms improve (Bernstein, 2010). Psychodynamic counseling is concerned with how past experiences impact on the development of current behavior. Unconscious mediation is through unconscious processes. The fact that past experiences always leave lasting traces influences self-esteem. Maladaptive patterns of behavior may consequently follow. Therapists make interpretations in regards to patient’s words and behaviors based on what the patient talks about. Dream interpretation and cognitive-behavioral techniques may be applicable in special cases. Free association and dreams are vitally important in the understanding of the unconscious aspects. Patients are usually enlightened through interpretation. However, therapists face objection produced by individuals’ defense mechanisms. Therapists, therefore, do not aim at eliminating these defense mechanisms. Rather, they replace unhealthy ones with more adaptive and functional systems (Bernstein, 2010). The patients are also made aware of their psychological needs and drives. Humanistic Theory Humanistic theory asserts that ongoing determining forces influence individual’s mind. The society also plays a part in influencing the human mind. Humanistic theories enjoy a rich history that spans from the 1950s. Humanistic theories are concerned with the basic goodness of human beings. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are the greatest human theorists (Capuzzi, 2004). The development of the theory came as a reaction towards the criticized psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Whereas psychoanalysis was concerned wi th how unconscious motivations drove behavior, behaviorism focused on conditioning processes that yielded behavior. The two theories were considered too pessimistic, by virtue of neglecting personal choice and emphasizing on most tragic of emotions (Bernstein, 2010). Individual’s potential, importance of growth and self actualization are the major focus areas of humanistic theories. It is believed that people’s goodness is innate. Mental and social problems are produced once deviations from this natural tendency are encountered. Abraham Maslow considers human psychology as the ‘third force’ in psychology after behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Humanistic therapy is greatly concerned with growth and fulfillment of the self. Self-mastery, self-examination and creative expression all influence self-actualization. Freedom of choice influences one’s experiences, making it the core consideration in human psychology.Advertising We will write a custom es say sample on Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Self-determination and influences of unconscious and the society are considered. According to this theory, each person is free to choose his/her own behavior regardless of the environmental stimuli and reinforcers available. Self esteem, self-fulfillment and needs are important parameters addressed under the theory. The facilitation of personal development is the major focus. Humanistic therapy aims at ensuring that human beings are held with constructive view and substantial capacity of self determination. A humanistic therapists bears several ideal qualities among them; being genuine, non-judgmental, emphatic, reflective listener, use of open-ended responses. Tentative interpretation is also paramount in the promotion of a client’s self-understanding, acceptance and actualization (Bernstein, 2010). Humanistic Theory versus Psychodynamic Theor y The fact that human behavior is influenced by some environmental conditions is worthwhile. Humanistic theory asserts that a person has the free will to either do good or bad. The environment provides different contrasting options for humans. This explains why criminals opt for evil deeds in a society dominated by responsible people. Psychodynamics therapy focuses on the analysis of defense mechanisms that crop after an experience (Bernstein, 2010). The environment at the time of the experience may be good or bad hence the observed defense mechanisms. Humanistic theory is concerned with human positivity and goodness. Psychodynamic theory on the other hand is concerned with the influence of past experiences on human behavior. Lack of self control in the latter theory is highly criticized by humanistic theorists. They insist that individuals are powerful to influence their own behavior (Weiten, 2002). Humanistic theory is criticized for being too general. The lack of specific approac hes to treatment of specific problems is evident. The free-will notion of the theory makes innovation of treatment techniques complicated. In addition, the humanistic therapy fails to address serious cases such as schizophrenia (Bernstein, 2010). Psychodynamic theory, on the other hand, is a useful tool for examining and addressing serious personality and mental health disorders. The theory is specific in scope because much emphasis is placed on the influence of past experiences on present behavior. Humanistic theory is subjective as compared to psychodynamic theory. It is usually difficult to ascertain whether a person is self actualized or not. The theory does not provide standards used to measure the levels of human determination, esteem and achievements. Individual assessment of self and achievement is therefore relied upon.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The findings and conclusions obtained may therefore be a false reelection of the reality. Contrary, Psychodynamic theory is relatively les subjective. The effect of past experiences usually impact on one’s life. The manifestation of such experiences in future is used by the therapist to understand the behavior (Weiten, 2002). Humanistic theory is applied in most key sectors such as education, healthcare and business. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is used for motivation in most organizations. The inculcation of zeal and desire to grow academically, economically and social creates a favorable ground for personal development (Weiten, 2002). The theory encourages people to be good. The success of prominent persons is considered the fruit of human determination. Psychodynamic theory is not widely used. However, it is applied in the healthcare sector in addressing mental disorders. Conclusion It is important to appreciate the good work that psychological theorists have don e. The understanding of human behavior is not only important to psychologists but also human beings who need to have an insight of how ego and the environment impact on their behavior. Psychodynamic theory is concerned with how past experiences influence the behavior of persons in later stages of life. Humanistic theory on the other hand asserts that, though the environment influences experiences, free will governs human behavior. It is therefore important to know the limits to which the environment influences human behavior. The fact that both theories support environmental influence on human behavior makes them similar. However, generalization and subjectivity associated with Humanistic theory makes it different from the psychodynamic theory. Humanistic theory may be widespread in nearly all major sectors. However, it is important to appreciate the role played by other theories in the demystification of human behavior. Psychodynamic theory should not be overlooked since it helps s olve serious mental and social disorders. References Bernstein, D. (2010). Essentials of Psychology. Wadsworth Plc. Capuzzi, D. (2004). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theories and Interventions. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Weiten, W. (2002). Psychology: Themes and Variations. Belmont: Wadsworth Plc. This essay on Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theories was written and submitted by user Kymani Scott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Classical And Romantic Music

Prior to the twentieth century when jazz, blues, country, and rock and roll music entered the scene, almost all music was what we called â€Å"classical music.† From the 1700’s to the 1900’s classical music composed for orchestras or instruments such as flutes, trumpets, violins and pianos were played everywhere from concert halls to restaurants. Today the term â€Å"classical music† has come to define the style of Western music that began in Europe in the Middle Ages. It includes symphonies, chamber music and opera. Classical music is composed of several elements that help define its character. Since music takes place in time, rhythm is the foundation upon which every song is built. Composers determined the feel of music by alternating the pulse between fast, slow, and medium. Italian terms used in musical notation denote more than a dozen different tempos, which included allegro, moderato, and lento. Within the changing meter of rhythm, song notes of various pitches were intertwined. Tone color (timbre) distinguished the sound and characteristics that separated one instrument or voice from another. The classical era between 1750 and 1820 was defined by the great composers who were famous during that period, and the names Mozart and Beethoven stand above all others in the pantheon of Western music. Other composers, however, such as Franz Joseph Haydn and Franz Peter Schubert also contributed to the classical era. Musicians of the classical era were influenced by those of the baroque era. The classical period in music tends to be associated with the movement called the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment, which began earlier in the eighteenth century. Following the scientific and intellectual advances of the previous century, thinkers such as Voltaire, Diderot, Locke, Jefferson, and Franklin laid groundwork for a new human agenda, a willed progress toward humanitarian and democratic societies, based on the belief thr... Free Essays on Classical And Romantic Music Free Essays on Classical And Romantic Music Prior to the twentieth century when jazz, blues, country, and rock and roll music entered the scene, almost all music was what we called â€Å"classical music.† From the 1700’s to the 1900’s classical music composed for orchestras or instruments such as flutes, trumpets, violins and pianos were played everywhere from concert halls to restaurants. Today the term â€Å"classical music† has come to define the style of Western music that began in Europe in the Middle Ages. It includes symphonies, chamber music and opera. Classical music is composed of several elements that help define its character. Since music takes place in time, rhythm is the foundation upon which every song is built. Composers determined the feel of music by alternating the pulse between fast, slow, and medium. Italian terms used in musical notation denote more than a dozen different tempos, which included allegro, moderato, and lento. Within the changing meter of rhythm, song notes of various pitches were intertwined. Tone color (timbre) distinguished the sound and characteristics that separated one instrument or voice from another. The classical era between 1750 and 1820 was defined by the great composers who were famous during that period, and the names Mozart and Beethoven stand above all others in the pantheon of Western music. Other composers, however, such as Franz Joseph Haydn and Franz Peter Schubert also contributed to the classical era. Musicians of the classical era were influenced by those of the baroque era. The classical period in music tends to be associated with the movement called the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment, which began earlier in the eighteenth century. Following the scientific and intellectual advances of the previous century, thinkers such as Voltaire, Diderot, Locke, Jefferson, and Franklin laid groundwork for a new human agenda, a willed progress toward humanitarian and democratic societies, based on the belief thr...

Women and Revolution in China and Iran

Women and Revolution in China and Iran During the 20th century, both China and Iran underwent revolutions that significantly changed their social structures. In each case, the role of women in society also shifted enormously as a result of the revolutionary changes that took place - but the outcomes were quite different for Chinese and Iranian women. Women in Pre-Revolutionary China During the late Qing Dynasty era in China, women were viewed as the property first of their birth families, and then of their husbands families. They were not really family members - neither the birth family nor the marriage family recorded a womans given name on the genealogical record. Women had no separate property rights, nor did they have parental rights over their children if they chose to leave their husbands. Many suffered extreme abuse at the hands of their spouses and in-laws. Throughout their lives, women were expected to obey their fathers, husbands, and sons in turn. Female infanticide was common among families who felt that they already had enough daughters and wanted more sons. Ethnic Han Chinese women of the middle and upper classes had their feet bound, as well, limiting their mobility and keeping them close to home. If a poor family wanted their daughter to be able to marry well, they might bind her feet when she was a small child. Foot binding was excruciatingly painful; first, the girls arch bones were broken, then the foot was tied with a long strip of cloth into the lotus position. Eventually, the foot would heal that way. A woman with bound feet could not work in the fields; thus, foot-binding was a boast on the familys part that they did not need to send their daughters out to work as farmers. The Chinese Communist Revolution Although the Chinese Civil War (1927-1949) and the Communist Revolution caused enormous suffering throughout the twentieth century, for women, the rise of communism resulted in a significant improvement in their social status. According to communist doctrine, all workers were supposed to be accorded equal worth, regardless of their gender. With the collectivization of property, women were no longer at a disadvantage compared with their husbands. One goal of revolutionary politics, according to the Communists, was womens liberation from the male-dominated system of private property. Of course, women from the property-owning class in China suffered humiliation and the loss of their status, just as their fathers and husbands did. However, the vast majority of Chinese women were peasants - and they gained social status, at least, if not material prosperity, in post-revolutionary Communist China. Women in Pre-Revolutionary Iran In Iran under the Pahlavi shahs, improved educational opportunities and social standing for women formed one of the pillars of the modernization drive. During the nineteenth century, Russia and Britain vied for influence in Iran, bullying the weak Qajar state. When the Pahlavi family took control, they sought to strengthen Iran by adopting certain western characteristics - including increased rights and opportunities for women. (Yeganeh 4) Women could study, work, and under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavis rule (1941 - 1979), even vote. Primarily, though, womens education was intended to produce wise, helpful mothers and wives, rather than career women. From the introduction of the new Constitution in 1925 until the Islamic Revolution of 1979, Iranian women received free universal education and increased career opportunities. The government forbade women from wearing the chador, a head-to-toe covering preferred by highly religious women, even removing the veils by force. (Mir-Hosseini 41) Under the shahs, women got jobs as government ministers, scientists, and judges. Women got the right to vote in 1963, and the Family Protection Laws of 1967 and 1973 protected womens right to divorce their husbands and to petition for custody of their children. The Islamic Revolution in Iran Although women played an important role in the 1979 Islamic Revolution, pouring out into the streets and helping to drive Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi out of power, they lost a considerable number of rights once the Ayatollah Khomeini took control of Iran. Just after the revolution, the government decreed that all women had to wear the chador in public, including news anchors on television. Women who refused could face public whipping and prison time. (Mir-Hosseini 42) Rather than having to go to court, men could once more simply declare I divorce you three times to dissolve their marriages; women, meanwhile, lost all right to sue for divorce. After Khomeinis death in 1989, some of the strictest interpretation of law were lifted. (Mir-Hosseini 38) Women, particularly those in Tehran and other large cities, began to go out not in chador, but with a wisp of scarf (barely) covering their hair and with full makeup. Nonetheless, women in Iran continue to face weaker rights today than they did in 1978. It takes the testimony of two women to equal the testimony of one man in court. Women accused of adultery have to prove their innocence, rather than the accuser proving their guilt, and if convicted they may be executed by stoning. Conclusion The twentieth-century revolutions in China and Iran had very different effects on womens rights in those countries. Women in China gained social status and value after the Communist Party took control; after the Islamic Revolution, women in Iran lost many of the rights they had gained under the Pahlavi shahs earlier in the century. Conditions for women in each country vary today, though, based on where they live, what family they are born into, and how much education they have attained. Sources Ip, Hung-Yok. Fashioning Appearances: Feminine Beauty in Chinese Communist Revolutionary Culture, Modern China, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 2003), 329-361. Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. The Conservative-Reformist Conflict over Womens Rights in Iran, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Fall 2002), 37-53. Ng, Vivien. Sexual Abuse of Daughters-in-law in Qing China: Cases from the Xingan Huilan, Feminist Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 373-391. Watson, Keith. The Shahs White Revolution - Education and Reform in Iran, Comparative Education, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 1976), 23-36. Yeganeh, Nahid. Women, Nationalism and Islam in Contemporary Political Discourse in Iran, Feminist Review, No. 44 (Summer 1993), 3-18.

Planning in Ireland. Does Planning Ensures Economic Growth Essay

Planning in Ireland. Does Planning Ensures Economic Growth - Essay Example The city Dublin, founded as a Viking settlement, the city has been Ireland's primary city for most of the island's history since medieval times. Today, it is an economic, administrative and cultural centre for the island of Ireland, and has one of the fastest growing populations of any European capital city. The economic boom years have led to a sharp increase in construction, which is now also a major employer, especially for immigrants. Redevelopment is taking place in large projects such as Dublin Docklands, Spencer Dock and others, transforming once run-down industrial areas in the city centre. This would have not been possible if there had not been strategic planning with visionary economic ambitions. Hence, the supreme justification of planning lies with its expected output. Otherwise no economy would accomplish its strategic design based on the available resources and its management. In the 1920s and early 1930s, the Republic of Ireland pursued a low-tax, low-spending, non-interventionist approach under the government of W. T. Cosgrave and Cumann na nGaedhael, focused mainly on agriculture, livestock farming being of primary importance. The only notable expense the government went to during this time was for the rural electrification scheme, which saw 5,000,000 being spent constructing the Ardnacrusha hydroelectric power station on the river Shannon. During this period, 97% of trade was done with Britain. This government favored free trade. However, this proved inadequate after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Ireland, as we know, is the third largest island in Europe and the twentieth largest island in the world. Politically, the Republic of Ireland covers five sixths of the island, with Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, covering the remainder in the northeast. According to Government census carried out in 2007 the population of the island is slightly under six million with almost 4.25 million in the Republic of Ireland, 1.7 million in Greater Dublin and an estimated 1.75 million in Northern Ireland, 0.6 million in Greater Belfast. This is a significant increase from a modern historical low in the 1960s, but still much lower than the peak population of over 8 million in the early 19th century, prior to the Great Famine. In 1932, Eamonn De Valera's Fianna Fil party defeated Cosgrave's party with a solid majority. De Valera's policy was of economic nationalism, a belief in self-sufficiency, and attempted industrialization. The economic war resulted in widespread hardship for Irish farming, which was the backbone of the economy, and which relied on exports to English cities for a market. The tariffs resulted in price increases for many essential manufactured goods, and an increase in the cost of living. High unemployment in richer English speaking countries made emigration from Ireland less of an option, decreasing wages. Northern I reland experienced a boom during World War II, as a result of demand for its principal industries, shipbuilding and linen making, and got a lot of support from the British government thereafter. Purpose built industrial estates was developed in most large towns. Rural Electrification, the division of large estates, and agricultural scientific education resulted in dramatic increases in agricultural output in the 1960s. In 1972, secondary level education was made free and compulsory. The Republic applied to join the European

In what ways did humanists have an effect on cultural and religious Research Paper - 1

In what ways did humanists have an effect on cultural and religious development - Research Paper Example The intellectuals not only lament over the pathetic moral decline of their fellow beings, but also strive to make corrections in the individual and collective life of the masses through their verbal or written preaching. Consequently, an overwhelming majority of the general public belonging to their contemporary society turns against the philosophers by declaring them breakers of law and traditions. However, they remain as firm as rock in the face of hardships, and stick to showing the people the very path of glory and wisdom. This state of affairs is not confined to one social establishment only; rather, the humanists have left indelible impact of their broad and humane thoughtfulness on every cultural set up of the globe without discrimination. The present paper aims to throw light on the valuable services of the philosophers and writers with special reference to the works created by celebrated 14th century Italian writer, poet and reformer Giovanni Boccaccio and 15th century Dutch writer Desiderius Erasmus. Boccaccio’s allegorical work The Decameron serves as a great satire on the malpractices and hypocrisy existing in his contemporary Italian culture. Through his simple but thought-provoking short fables and tales, he censures the avaricious and condemnable nature of the clergymen, who sell the word of the Scriptures for their own purpose. The priests, parsons and other churchmen, as the tales view, are considered to be the noblest, holiest and most reliable individuals, who are administering the spiritual and social activities by inviting the people towards the way of God. However, instead of fulfilling their sacred mission of guiding the masses, they are misguiding them by offering the permission to enter the paradise. Since the Lord has not bestowed upon the priests the power to make false promises in respect of granting permission to enter the heavens, the act of such barter for pecuniary gains on the part of the priests is actually a

Stand Up Zamboanga! Essay Example for Free

Stand Up Zamboanga! Essay We cannot deny the fact that hatred and lack of unity and peace led to Zamboanga Crisis. Just for example, recently we’re facing the pork barrel scam issue wherein some of our recognized political leaders are involved to and they are just trying to divert the people’s attention and as a result, a war broke out in Zamboanga City. And also racial and religious discrimination between Christians and Muslims. The MNLF leader Nur Misuari wants to claim Zamboanga City as his own, and strive to fight for his selfish ambition by leading his men to cause trouble in the city resulting to deaths of innocent people, loss of homes especially in the affected areas, destruction of properties, trauma, fear, hatred, absence in work, missing out important lectures and school activities for students, loss of income especially to those who need to work daily to earn a living and the dwindling state of the city’s economy as a whole. The government sectors and non-government offices should work hand in hand for faster crisis rehabilitation in Zamboanga City as well as the volunteers and community as a whole. They should implement new strategies how to cope up and solve the conflict situations in the shortest possible time to avoid further damages. The higher officials should display a role model in strictly abiding the city’s rules and regulations instead of involving in certain anomalies and controversies. So that the people can learn to trust and respect them and can follow and learn to abide in the government policies too. They should never tolerate violence and crime so that the people will not abuse and rebel and will learn how to be God-fearing with righteousness in mind. We are living in the modern era where the trend of technology is a great help in the rehabilitation program of the city, community, evacuees and future generation. For example the use of different media of communications like radio broadcasting, social internet sites like facebook and twitter wherein people can be well-informed and they can express their sides and opinions, encouraging and consoling one another eventually forgetting the trauma at the right time. Also we can connect with our fellow Filipinos from other areas, regions and countries offering help by giving voluntary donations  such as relief goods, rice, clothings, sanitary kits and shelter tents for the evacuees. Our allies from other nations especially U.S. also help in providing high tech military equipments, sharing their knowledge about new strategies and tactics in combating the enemies and training our own soldiers. Even as student and citizen of Zamboanga City, I can contribute towards building a better Zamboanga by starting in my own little way of helping other people in need. I can devote my time studying hard and become a professional serving our own city and educating the young so that they can have the proper mindset that we Zamboangueà ±os can be united and can be peacefully working together despite our religious differences in achieving progress and prosperity in our city.

Radioactive Pollution - Lynas Essay -- Business Analysis

INTRODUCTION In this modern epoch, information is just a push of a button away as compared to aeons back where people either have to acquire information through word of mouth which may be highly unreliable or flip through hundreds of written articles and books just to obtain a single piece of valued information. Information is without a doubt within the grasp of every single individual and there is no excuse for anyone to not be up to date concerning current events. News in this present age travels as fast as lightning across the global communication system, which is the internet via news portals, e-mails, social networks and other network facilities that are made available. No news is latest news when there are so many global and local phenomenons that occur every single second and is immediately reported within the next few minutes. Social interactions within a society enables information and news to be exchanged and thus, allowing curiosity to flow simultaneously with research as some news are too good to be true and might seem ridiculous. One of the many current issues being faced by Malaysians this day revolves around the multi-million company, Lynas Corporations Limited. News on Lynas Corporations opening a plant (Lynas Advanced Materials Plant) in Gebeng, Kuantan spread like wild fire through the local newspapers and the internet as many Malaysians protested against the plans of Lynas Corporations and the Malaysian Government that approved the company’s rare earth waste disposal on Malaysian land. Fear swept through the country as many were devastated to relive the incident of Bukit Merah and to see the radioactive effects that will take its toll on the upcoming generations. Malaysian citizens did not hesitate to equ... ...how support or disagreement towards the government and Lynas. This comes down to what messages did the senders convey and what did the receivers understand of the messages sent to them. Works Cited About Lynas, Foundations for the Future. (19 March, 2012). Retrieved from Lynas Corporation Ltd: http://www.lynascorp.com/category.asp?category_id=2 Beck, A., Bennett, P., & Wall, P. (2004). Communication Studies: The Essential Introduction (2 ed.). London: Routledge. British Geological Survey, Royal Society of Chemistry. (2012, March 19). What are 'rare earths' used for? Retrieved from BBC News: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-17357863 Malaysia Today: Lynas Rare Earth Plant - Worst Decision Ever? (2012, March 27). Retrieved from Malaysia Today Web Site: http://www.malaysia-today.net/mtcolumns/letterssurat/47519-lynas-rare-earth-plant-worst-decision-ever

Research on Behaviorist versus Cognitive Theories of Learning

What is larning? Are at that place different types of larning? What affects a pupils larning? Why do some learn otherwise than others? These are merely a few of the inquiries that pedagogues, parents, and pupils themselves have posed for centuries. It is without a uncertainty a really complicated subject. The writer of this paper attempts to relieve some of these inquiries by turn toing the differences between behavioural and societal acquisition theory along with the necessity of utilizing cognitive schemes to help in the acquisition procedure.Name of TheoristName of TheoryMain ConceptsResearch ConductedIvan Pavlov Authoritative conditioning Impersonal stimulations + innate stimulations = a erudite conditioned response ( Slavin, 2009 ) How it may look in a schoolroom: pupils should be given many chances to get the hang a undertaking before traveling on to another undertaking. For illustration, if they are larning to multiply individual digit math jobs, a pupil must get the hang this before traveling on to generation of two-digit jobs. Research was conducted in 3 phases Phase one: An innate stimulation ( US ) ( nutrient ) solicited an innate response ( UR ) from the Canis familiaris ( salivation ) ( Slavin, 2009 ) . This phase farther showed that a impersonal stimulation ( NS ) ( bell ) would arouse no response from the Canis familiaris. ( Slavin, 2009 ) Phase 2: A learned stimulation ( CS ) ( bell ) was paired with the Canis familiaris nutrient ( US ) which caused the Canis familiariss to salivate ( UR ) ( Slavin, 2009 ) . Phase 3: The Canis familiaris was trained to salivate ( CR, conditioned response ) at the sound of a bell tintinnabulation ( CS ) ( Slavin, 2009 ) . E. L. Thorndike Law of Effectss Favorable effects to behavior elicit request of this behaviour ( Slavin, 2005 ) Unfavorable effects similarly will ensue in the behaviour less likely being repeated ( Slavin, 2005 ) How it may look in a schoolroom: instructors should utilize real-life experiences to learn and link constructs for pupils. For illustration, life accomplishments pupils will larn the importance of money buy really take parting in buying things from peddling machines and shops. This can besides use to science constructs. Students can break connect with it through experiential activities ( Slavin, 2005 ) . Cats were placed in mystifier boxes ; on accident the cats learned how to get away ( Slavin, 2005 ) . After repeatedly acquiring out they learned that if they went through the mystifier boxes, they gained freedom ( Slavin, 2005 ) . B. F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Support of behavior = frequent repeat of this behaviour ( Slavin, 2009 ) Unrewarded ( punished ) behaviour = lessening in repeat of the behaviour ( Slavin, 2009 ) . How it may look in a schoolroom: pupils that are on clip to category receive category vaulting horses ; belated pupils do non. I have found that those pupils that receive the category bucks that they can pass on things like free clip, prep buyouts, and public toilet base on ballss, strive to gain more vaulting horses. Skinner boxes used to develop animate beings. The boxes consisted of a saloon that the animate beings had to press to distribute nutrient ( Slavin, 2009 ) . What are the differences between the behavioural acquisition theory and that of the societal acquisition theory? Which theory offers the best penetration into how underdeveloped kids larn? To find replies to these inquiries, the factors of behavioural larning theories must be weighed against those of societal larning theories. Behavior acquisition theories are centered on the thought that larning takes topographic point because of legion chances to see a peculiar event. This event is believed to for good alter the said behaviour. Behavioral theories fall under one of two classs: classical or answering conditioning and operant conditioning. The classical/respondent conditioning theory, as demonstrated and made celebrated by Pavlov ‘s experiment, believes the behaviours that we exhibit are one ‘s that are learned by tie ining one thing to another ( Cherry, 2005b ) . This thought of automatic conditioning was happened upon by Pavlov as he studied Canis familiaris ‘s digestion ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . Within his survey of how much a Canis familiaris salivated at the sight of assorted things, nutrient and non-food points, Pavlov and his helper noted the sum of spit that was produced ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . In making so they found that Canis familiariss automatically or reflexively responded to the point placed in forepart of them, nutrient or non-food, after being presented with them intermediately for some clip ( Cherry, 2005b ) . This response he believed was based on conditioning or automaticity, which made it strictly physiological ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . His thought of conditioning was extended to human cond itioning by James B. Watson ( Cherry, 2005b ) . . Watson and his associate Rosalie Rayner wanted to prove the theory of classical conditioning on worlds in respects to phobias, to see if they would arouse similar consequences. Watson ‘s experiment was based on a small male child name Albert ( Beck, 2001 ) . When Watson and Rayner, foremost met Albert he was non afraid of a white rat, after a short clip with them he was afraid of mice and other furred points ( Beck, 2001 ) . The experiment introduced a loud noise that startled the immature male child as he played with the rat. This sound scared the immature male child so much that he started to shout and later exhibit fright when he saw a rat or anything furred. This proved for them that Pavlov ‘s thought that an innate stimulation would do an innate response and eventually that this innate response paired with a learned stimulation would arouse a learned response, or a automatic action ( Beck, 2001 ) . They believed this made the Pavlovian theory of conditioning plausibl e and accurate for worlds every bit good. The operant conditioning theory of B.F. Skinner focuses on larning based on the behaviour and the effects of the behaviour. Skinner ‘s beliefs were greatly influenced by E. L. Thorndike ‘s thought of Law of Effect. The Law of Effect, besides a conditioning theory, was based on the premiss that if an innate stimulation ‘s response is paired with a pleasant event than the response is stronger and more likely to be repeated. Likewise if the stimulation consequence is paired with a negative event, so the event is weaker and less likely to be repeated. Skinner found this a utile tool in understanding automatic behaviours that occurred and further strengthened his thought that behaviour was strengthened by a reinforcing stimulus or weakened by a punisher ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Reinforcing stimuluss are either positive or negative. Positive reinforcing stimuluss occur after said behaviour and are positive results for the behaviour ; whereas negative reinforcing stimuluss are negative results as the consequence of a behaviour ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Whether negative or positive the behaviour will increase. Punishers whether negative or positive will diminish a behaviour ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Positive punishers employ utilizing an unfavourable event to diminish behaviour ; negative punishers happens when the event is taken off in order to weaken the behaviour that has occurred ( Cherry, 2005a ) . Social larning theories contrary to behavioural theories focuses on larning that takes topographic point due to the observation and mold of behaviours, attitudes, and emotions exhibit by others around them. Albert Bandura, considered one of the governments within this theory, believed that behavioural acquisition could non explicate all the types of acquisition ( Cherry, 2005c ) .He said, â€Å" Learning would be extremely arduous, non to advert risky, if people had to trust entirely on the effects of their ain actions to inform them what to make ( Cherry, 2005c ) . † . He farther argued that larning had to hold some societal component to it to be successful. He stated that, â€Å" Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through mold: from detecting others one forms an thought of how new behaviours are performed, and subsequently occasions this coded information serves as a usher for action ( Cherry, 2005c ) . † The ideals of Bandura and other socie tal theoreticians are broken down into three basic constructs that explain the assorted types of behaviour: experimental acquisition, patterning procedure, and intrinsic support ( Cherry, 2005c ) . Observational acquisition provinces that larning takes topographic point through observation ( Cherry, 2005c ) .The writer ‘s three-year-old nephew learns much of his idiosyncrasy and behaviours by watching his household around the house and others at church. He has learned to work on a computing machine by watching her bash her work hebdomadally, to the point of copying precisely how she holds her custodies when typing and the tapping of her fingers at her desk when she is in deep concentration. This thought of experimental acquisition is so strong harmonizing to theoreticians that it can be achieved through unrecorded observation, verbally through direction, or symbolic ( displayed through another media ) means. Intrinsic Reinforcement goes against the ideal that behaviour is reinforced by extrinsic support merely ( Cherry, 2005c ) .Social theoreticians believed that a great trade of behaviour and acquisition will be based on intrinsic factors, which give the scholar a sense of pride and achievement. Bandura believes this is one of the most of import factors that separates the societal acquisition theory from behavioural theories and makes it more of a cognitive societal attack ( Cherry, 2005c ) . The Modeling Process hinges on the individual that is making the mold of a said behaviour and the perceiver and must follow certain stairss. First, in order for a individual to larn they must pay attending to the theoretical account otherwise there will be negative branchings. Therefore the mold must be memorable and keep the attending of the perceiver. Following, the perceiver must hold the ability to retain the information that is observed. Third, one must be able to draw the information from their memory in order to pattern the accomplishment further. Last, the scholar must be motivated plenty to utilize the behaviour they saw modeled ( Cherry, 2005c ) .This measure theoretical accounts show some similarities to behavior thoeries in that the usage of reinforcing stimuluss and punishers are cruicial to actuating the scholar. For illustration, if a pupils observes another pupil having category vaulting horses for engagement they are more likely to take part every bit good ( Cherry, 2005c ) . Social theories and behavioural theories are similar yet different. Both of the theories believe that larning and behaviour are connected yet each feel otherwise about whether the acquisition that each elicit is lasting. Social theories disagree that all larning leads to a alteration in behaviour, in fact they believe that new things can be learned without organizing new behaviours ( Cherry, 2005c ) .BeforeDuringAfterPicture walks – Students are guided by their instructors through a digest of images that illustrate the narrative line. This allows them to link to the text as they read. Predicting Students predict what they believe will go on in the narrative and read to prove the factuality of the anticipation ( Harvey & A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Synthesize Students take the new information that they have learned and unite it with their anterior cognition to come up with a new thought or new believing about the topic ( Harvey & A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . KWL charts It allows they information to be organized earlier, during, and after reading Making Inferences Students are able to utilize their anterior cognition to believe outside the box and draw decisions about the text for deeper significance ( Harvey & A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Making Connections Students draw upon their ain scheme to understand the text they are reading ( Harvey & A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Text-to-self allows the reader to link to their ain lives and experiences to pull significance Text-to-text allows the reader to name upon their cognition from other text to demo apprehension of content Text-to-world allows the reader to do a connexion with more planetary and bigger issues within the text and the existent universe Overviewing This scheme allows pupils to plane or scan the text when they are looking for specific information and are unsure if the text contains it ( Harvey, 1998 ) . Imaging Allows pupils to better understand the text or job solve by organizing a image in their heads. Students are able to understand more of the text as they go along with the support of their instructor ( Chamot & A ; O'Malley, 1994 ) . Alternate stoping Students prove that they have comprehended the assorted parts of the narrative by composing an surrogate stoping which fits in with the remainder of the narrative nicely ( Harvey & A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Brainstorming This scheme is a relevantly merely one in that it allows pupils to compose down, name out or categorise the things that they know about a peculiar construct or thought. The procedure allows all pupils of all degrees procedure clip to develop these thoughts. Questioning Readers are able to travel through the text and interact with it more as they search for replies to their inquiries ( Harvey & A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Allows pupils to supervise their comprehension and concept significance ( Harvey & A ; Goudvis, 2000 ) . Sum uping Learning is a complex procedure by that requires much of the scholar. All of the scholars ‘ behaviours, attitudes, cognition and gained information factor into whether true acquisition has taken topographic point. The survey of knowledge purposes to assist us understand how learning takes topographic point and the assorted procedures that we go through to accomplish it. Students may non understand the how and why of knowledge, so it is the instructor ‘s occupation to learn them schemes to do certain that they have good cognitive accomplishments or accomplishments for believing about larning. The chart above has outlined the assorted schemes that pupils can utilize before, during, and after reading to beef up comprehension, but how does this cognitive schemes in general aid pupils larn? In order for schemes to work for pupils they must be cognizant of why they need to believe about the thought that takes topographic point as they learn ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Simply put, it is the manner that they can take ownership of their ain acquisition and it is what makes them good and great scholars. Garner farther establishes that puting intents for acquisition, work outing jobs, self-acting, monitoring, and self-assessment of their acquisition are all ways in which pupils can demo that they have good cognitive accomplishments ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) .. The above schemes are merely some of the ways that Garner says that pupils are able to form, survey, reappraisal, pattern, and eventually master assorted accomplishments ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Teachers must demo them how to utilize these schemes to their advantage to larn. There are some things that pedagogues can make to assist them pupils develop these cognitive accomplishments, ther efore assisting them go independent minds and scholars. Garner believes that the first thing that they can make is to learn pupils to supervise their thought efficaciously ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . This can be done through demoing them how to analyse the procedure of believing as they work. They teach them to inquiries themselves on ways that they can better upon their thought as they try to carry through their end or whether or non they need help to carry through these ends. Harmonizing to Garner, pupils must cognize when they are larning and when they are non larning ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. ) . Furthermore, Garner says that when they realize that they are non larning they should be able to take another cognitive scheme to assist them accomplish their end ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Second, Garner believes pupils need to be taught to utilize more sophisticated schemes to demo that they are believing ( as cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . Teachers should non accept the merely reciting of the text, they should necessitate that pupil synthesise the information and are able to offer legitimate sum-ups of the stuff ( Purdue, n.d. ) . Third, instructors must learn pupils the appropriate schemes to utilize with the assorted texts and content ( Purdue, n.d. ) . This is pertinent since it sets the phase for pupil acquisition. Think of it like constructing a house, if there is no foundation the house will non stand ; with a solid foundation the house could fire done, but the base from which to get down over is still at that place. Students might necessitate to reassess the schemes that they choose, but they can get down over if they have the foundational cognition of the schemes ( Purdue, n.d. ) . Fourthly, pupils must be taught to put personal ends for their acquisition. When pupils set their ain ends they are more likely to transport through with the schemes to see the success with them. Borkowski, Carr, and Pressley say â€Å" pupils with low self-prides who attribute success and failure to something other than attempt are improbable to originate or prevail in the usage of cognitive schemes † ( cited in Purdue, n.d. , ch.7 ) . If they do so, they fall into non utilizing their metacognitive accomplishments to grok the constructs ( Purdue, n.d. ) . Last, when instructors model for pupils how to utilize cognitive schemes they are assisting them develop higher order believing accomplishments. When they are taught to prosecute in higher order thought, they are taught how to place how they learn, think about textual jobs as they learn about them, figure out how to work out them, and eventually synthesise all the information at the terminal of the text.

Weekly Reflection

I was comfortable with this weeks topic. Currently working in a Business Process Outsourcing (BOP) unit, economic cost concepts are part of my daily routine. Applying economic cost concepts is crucial to my Fortune 500 Company and the clients we serve. Forecasting and cost analysis is another vital part of my business for both process Improvement and staffing. Difficult Topics I did not quite get the economic cost concepts relating to equilibrium, but after further discussion with team members the comparison was understandable on how companies apply the demand and pricing of economic concepts In business sessions.Team members provided an explanation of Wall-Mart rollback pricing, and school tax-exempt weekend. This enabled me to grasp the concept. Consequently, In my opinion, applying economic cost concepts In making business decisions Is imperative for an organization within the company. In addition, the following factors are vital in decision-making pertaining to economic cost with in a business profit, capital, pricing, demand, forecasting, and cost analysis. Application In the Workplace As veterans, we can relate to how economic costs affect the military.In particular, deiced cost for active duty, retired, and disabled military members. For example, the military pays Injured members dillydally and medical expenses; however, the pay Is at the present rate of medical expenses but does not take Into account future payments at a higher cost. The military may consider reducing the cost of future pay, the variance Involving dillydally pay, and the member's future earnings. Conclusion In conclusion, Team Bi's discussion of the week two objectives was helpful In understanding the material for the week.The objectives for week two Include Identifying production level to maximize profits, explaining balancing fixed and variable costs, and applying economic cost concepts In making business decisions. By tripping another vital part of my business for both process improve ment and staffing. Companies apply the demand and pricing of economic concepts in business school tax-exempt weekend. This enabled me to grasp the concept. Consequently, in my opinion, applying economic cost concepts in making business decisions is capital, pricing, demand, forecasting, and cost analysis.Application in the Workplace he military pays injured members disability and medical expenses; however, the pay is at the present rate of medical expenses but does not take into account future the variance involving disability pay, and the member's future earnings. In conclusion, Team Bi's discussion of the week two objectives was helpful in understanding the material for the week. The objectives for week two include identifying production level to maximize profits, explaining balancing fixed and variable costs, and applying economic cost concepts in making business decisions.

Seven elements of art essays

Seven elements of art essays There are seven elements that are used in art. These seven elements are line, shape, form, value, texture, space and color. These seven elements are used to help artists create beautiful work. In some pieces of art it may be difficult to recognize these elements, but if you look closely you can find them. Some artists only use some of the elements at a time instead of all of them at once. The first element of art is the element of line. Lines are continuous marks made on some surface by a moving point. Lines could be used to show different feelings and moods. Composition is how the elements are arranged. Horizontal lines make a piece of art seem like it is calm and peaceful. Diagonal lines are used to create a sense of movement and tension. Vertical lines create a sense of everything being in order. Horizontal and vertical lines both have different qualities in different pieces of art. The next element is the element of shape. When lines join together they form shapes. Some shapes are geometrical like squares and rectangles. All the shapes are not three dimensional or in other words flat. Shape is an area clearly defined by one of the other visual elements. They are limited to only two dimensions which are height and width. These two dimensions of shape distinguish it from form. The next element is the element of form. Form is a three dimensional shape. The form of a sculpture is symmetrically balanced. Forms consist of height, width, and thickness. Unlike shapes, forms are not flat. An example of form would be a sculpture. There are two important features to form, and they are mass and volume. Mass is a quantity or aggregate of matter usually of considerable size. Volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object. The next is the element of value. Value is the lightness and darkness of a color. You can get different color values by mixing tints and shad ...

Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected

Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected Political analysts and Beltway pundits can debate the obstacles facing Democrats in the 2016 presidential election. But theres one inescapable truth facing the partys nominee, no matter if its Hillary Clinton or Elizabeth Warren or Julian Castro: Voters rarely elect someone from the same party for consecutive terms. â€Å"Mostly, the White House flips back and forth like a metronome. Voters just get tired after eight years,† the writer Megan McArdle wrote. Explains political analyst Charlie Cook: They tend to conclude that it is time for a change, and they trade the in party for the out party. In fact, since American politics evolved into what we know as the current two-party system, the last time voters elected a Democrat to the White House after a president from the same party had just served a full term was in 1856, before the Civil War. If thats not enough to scare of presidential hopefuls in the Democratic Party who want to succeed two-term President Barack Obama, what is? Last Democrat to Succeed a Democrat The last Democrat elected to succeed a Democratic president was James Buchanan, the 15th president and the only one ever to come from Pennsylvania. Buchanan succeeded President Franklin Pierce. Youd have to go back even further in history to find the most recent instance of a Democrat being elected to succeed a two-term president from the same party. The last time that happened was in 1836 when voters elected  Martin Van Buren to follow  Andrew Jackson. This, of course, does not include the four terms of Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt; he was elected to the White House in 1932 and re-elected in 1936, 1940 and 1944. Roosevelt died less than a year into his fourth term, but he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Why It's so Rare There are very good explanations for why voters rarely choose a president from the same party for three consecutive terms. The first and most obvious one is fatigue with and unpopularity of the president who is completing his second and final term at the time of the election for his successor. That unpopularity often sticks to the candidate of the same party. Just ask some of the Democrats who sought unsuccessfully to succeeded Democratic presidents including  Adlai Stevenson in 1952) Hubert Humphrey in 1968 and, most recently, Al Gore in 2000.   Another reason is distrust of people and parties who hold power for too long. The distrust of people in power ... dates back to the age of the American Revolution and the mistrust of hereditary rulers with no curbs on their powers, wrote the National Constitution Center. What It Meant in 2016 The rarity of presidents from the same party being elected consecutively is not lost on political analysts when it came to the 2016 presidential election. Many believed the success of Hillary Clinton, who was the most likely contender for Democratic nominee, hinged on who the Republicans chose. Opined the New Republic: The Democrats could benefit if the Republicans nominate a relatively inexperienced right-winger or someone who possesses the temperament of a high school football coach rather than a president ... If they opt for an experienced centrist in 2016  -   Florida’s Jeb Bush is the obvious example  -   and if the party’s right wing doesn’t demand he toe the line, they could stand a good chance of reclaiming the White House and of confirming Americans’ reluctance to keeping the same party in the White House three terms in a row.

Personal Reflection on Importance of Nursing Theory Research Paper

Personal Reflection on Importance of Nursing Theory - Research Paper Example Self-Care Theory can help Registered Nurses (RN) in practice, education, and in a research organization. The nurse theory can assist RN to explain, predict, and describe daily experiences that arise concerning self-caring or while caring for others. RN can be guided in assessing and evaluating favorable nursing cares essential for healthcare services and treatment. The theory can be used to collect data on the client's health status and be used by RN in making nursing decisions and implementing them. Nurses gain terminologies that are used in communication within healthcare organization or institutions. If registered nurses study the theory, they are capable of developing ideas and clearly define some words. The theory can assist RN to have autonomy of nursing by considering its functions of providing care to the patients and other people. Orem’s theory can assist me as a registered nurse in doing research on how to develop self-care behaviors in a hospital or health organization, as well as, amongst the public. Using her theoretical concept, I can generate new ideas, skills, and knowledge essential in advancing my career as a nurse. If a research is done appropriately, it is possible to identify knowledge gaps in Orem’s theory and provide a methodical approach to identifying questions for study. It can be done through selecting some variables, validating nursing interventions, and interpreting findings. Ideas can be borrowed from other disciplines for conceptual frameworks and assist nursing practice among the RN.

U.S. and Texas government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

U.S. and Texas government - Essay Example While those that are republicans include among others; Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming, Texas, South Dakota, Utah, Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina among others. c) Battle states are the states where both the democratic and the republicans have the same chances of winning in a given voting period. They are very important in the manner that they determine who will rule the nation after the elections. 2. Why does the SMSP election system lead to a two-party system? SMSP is the process of voting whereby the person who gets most votes wins. It leads to a two-party system because voters end up choosing among the two of the leaders to lead to them. All regions too elect one individual to represent them during the elections. a. What are the advantages of such a two-party dominant system? It enables the leaders to have a strong candidate so that their political agendas are represented. Voters are also not confused during voting to elect their leaders using their agendas. b. What are the drawbacks of a two-party dominant system? A two –party dominant system do not allow full participation of the rest of the members in other parties. They are also supported more by the government which leads to inequality. c. If you had the power to alter the American political system to a proportional representation and multi-party model, would you favor that change? Why or why not? It’s a voting method that uses quota system to ensure that each part wins with a given number of votes. It can’t represent all the voters.

Rheta Childe Dorr Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rheta Childe Dorr - Research Paper Example The piece concluded, â€Å"The law of the sea: women and children first. The law of the land—that’s different.†3 However, she is most notes for her books based on her eyewitness reports as a war correspondent making over nine trips to Europe. Her works include, What Eight Million Women Want (1910); Inside the Russian Revolution_ (1917); A Soldier's Mother in France (1918); the autobiography, A Woman of Fifty (1924); and the Life of Susan B. Anthony: The Woman Who Changed the Mind of a Nation (1928). Dorr went beyond fighting for women’s rights in the workplace; she also sought to find equality in the political arena as well. In an extremely critical 1910 argument against sexual biases of the law she wrote her book, What Eight Million Women Want. In this book, Dorr described the political reality of custody law and argued that both men and women should have equal standing in custody of the children. Dorr did not believe women were the only ones who could ca re for the children in defense of joint custody that would allow women to work. She reported that the year before, a bill to equalize guardianship and argued that if wives "had the guardianship of their children, would anything prevent them from taking the children and leaving home? What would become of the sanctity of the home, with its lawful head shorn of his paternal legitimacy. Such contentions stymied legislative reform.†4 In the introduction of this same book, she reiterates this point stating â€Å"They are no longer wholly dependent, economically, intellectually, and spiritually, on a ruling class of men.†5 Dorr argues that child rearing is not a reason for women to stay at home as men also could take responsibility for the raising of the children. What Dorr saw was the inevitable role women would... This research paper discusses the Progressive Era when women were starting to find their voice and break traditional boundaries. The researcher focuses on the discussion of Rheta Childe Dorr, who is most commonly associate with the suffrage movement, but her ethical writings should not be overlooked. Many of her writings as a journalist were directed at women asking them to become involved these social reforms because it was their ethical and moral obligation to get involved. As an example, Rheta Childe Dorr told readers they must insist upon a support system to help the courts deal with juvenile delinquency. "You have established the theory of a court, but you have failed to provide the machinery through which the theory can work." Dorr’s writing was reflective of the typical muckracker style in that she addressed reform issues in the workplace that were published. For example, the researcher describes how Rheta Childe Dorr chose â€Å"Women and Children First† as the title for her 4 May 1912 Woman’s Journal article on the exploitative nature of a Brooklyn sweatshop. However, she is most notes for her books based on her eyewitness reports as a war correspondent making over nine trips to Europe. It is concluded by the researcher that even though she did not receive the recognition she was due during her lifetime, there is no doubt she was influential in the woman’s movement and helped break barriers that would open doors for women who followed in the field of journalism after her.

The Hospitality And Tourism Industry In Kenya

The Hospitality And Tourism Industry In Kenya Tourism in Kenya dates back to pre-independence days and as recorded in history as early as the 1930s (Tourism in Kenya). In the early days the bulk of the tourist that visited Kenya did so mainly to take part in the gaming industry in the game hunting expeditions, while the other were the typical old tourist that travelled for Sun Sea and Sand which is one of the tourism products offered by Kenyas tourism industry. In the early days the tourism industry in Kenya attracted first world rulers e.g. The queen of England, Queen Elizabeth II and the President of the United States of America Theodore Roosevelt. Infrastructure As expected the infrastructure that was available in Kenya in the 1930s was less than ideal or/and adequate to facilitate the new growing trend in Kenya which was tourism, never the less the tourism industry was steadily growing. Kenya gained independence in December 1963 (Kenya Timeline) after that time the infrastructure also grew but it is still said to be in an extremely poor state. The infrastructure includes: Electricity Telecommunications Roads Transport The government has urged the public and private sector to work cohesively to achieve an infrastructural development in the country, which would ultimately develop and increase the tourist arrivals to the country. Kenyas tourism is heavily comprised of natural attractions. It is stated that approximately 10% of the country has been reserved for the preservation of the natural attractions and wildlife (Tourism in Kenya) The tourism industry has evolved with the emergence of the new tourist, which brought along new forms of tourism for the country; it include Domestic Tourism, Community and Eco Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Business Tourism and Sport Tourism. Eco tourism is the prevailing form of tourism for in the country with the 10% dedicated by the government for its natural reserve Kenya Eco tourism attractions:- Game viewing expeditions (Flora) This form eco tourism can be linked to the Pre-independence day, where the old tourist travelled for the hunting of the game and Sun, Sea and Sand, with the evolution of the new tourist this has brought along the new game viewing expeditions, where the tourist no longer hunt the animals but view the animals of the country on a Safari. The country has its popular animal attractions which are now commonly called the big five that include the popular: Elephant Rhino Lion Buffalo Leopard (Tourism in Kenya) Plant watching (Fauna) The tree and flowers watching tourism in Kenya is jointly part of the Kenyan agricultural industry, which is the main contributor to the Kenyan GDP. Kenya climatic seasons are similar to those in the Caribbean with a dry and rain season annually. The rainy season in Kenya is responsible for the boom in the fauna of the country. This is the season where the trees and flowers bloom whereas the dry season is quite different. The trees drop their leaves and the flowers dry up. A tourist that visits Kenya in the dry season would have a different experience to a tourist that visit in the rainy season in regards to the country fauna. Safari A safari is another natural way to enjoy the natural aspect of Kenya while understanding the native people and observing their natural lifestyle. The safari is also a main way to enjoy the game viewing expeditions through Kenyas forest reserve. Economical Factors Multiplier Effect The tourism industry is heavily dependent on other industries in Kenya to be a successful industry that caters to its tourist. A main dependency of the tourism industry is the agriculture industry. The agricultural which is predominantly responsible for the food and beverage industry that provides the food that is being served to the tourist. Other industries include the: Textile, transportation and entertainment industries. A multiplier effect is very evident within the economy, to sustain the other industries, the tourist dollar is extremely important to the country. Tourism Employees Kenyas tourism industry caters to the employment of 500,000 Kenyans (National Geographic 2010). These Kenyans have positions in the tourism industry ranging from the service e.g. Tour Guides for Kenyas ever growing Game industry and Safari to the management sector in hotels and Tour Operators. Negative Factors Affecting the Tourism Industry Lacks of awareness of the people The people of Kenya are never included in the decisions brought about from the government and private institutions to the development of the Kenyan tourism as a product. Negatively this would prompt the nationals to act negatively towards the tourist and encourage them to deface the infrastructure of the country, this could also prompt them into vandalizing the belongings of the tourist. Socio-culturally With the improvement in the tourism industry and the influx of tourist into country brought along the ways and attitudes of the new world, negatively this has impacted on the culture by, the increase of prostitution, lack of traditional rites and performances etc. Terrorism Threat The bombing of the US Embassy in 1998 and attempted bombing in Mombasa 2002, has prompted countries to issue negative travel advisory to Kenya which negatively affected the tourist arrivals to the country as depicted in the statistical data. Kenya is a country with a diverse range of tourism products that cater to many types of tourism as mentioned previously. The country is heavily focused on maintaining its natural aspect as well as developing in a sustainable manner keeping with its eco tourism trend as it foremost tourism product. Overall the tourism industry is slowly increasing despite the negative factors that thrown them they were able to increase and move on.

Slaughterhouse Five: Billy Pilgrim and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) :: Slaughterhouse Five, Kurt Vonnegut

Within the novel Slaughterhouse Five, by Kurt Vonnegut, the character Billy Pilgrim claims to have come â€Å"unstuck† in time. Having survived through being a Prisoner of War and the destruction of Dresden during World War II, and having been a prisoner used to clear away debris of the destruction, there can be little doubt that Pilgrim’s mental state was unstable. Furthermore, it may be concluded that Pilgrim, due to the effects of having been a Prisoner of War, and having been witness to the full magnitude of destruction, suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, which caused him to review the events over and over during the course of his life. In order to understand how these factors, the destruction of Dresden and ‘PTSD’, came to make Billy Pilgrim â€Å"unstuck† in time, one must review over the circumstances surrounding those events. The human mind is a part of the body which current science knows little about. Trigger mechanisms, and other factors within the brain are relatively unknown to current humanity. Therefore, in order to produce a diagnostic on why Billy Pilgrim became â€Å"unstuck† in time, the reader of Slaughterhouse Five must come to terms with situations concerning the experiences described in the novel. Billy Pilgrim starts out, chronologically, as a fairly basic infantryman in the United States Army during the last Nazi offensive of the war, also known as the Battle of the Bulge (Vonnegut, 32). That battle resulted in fierce fighting, and also in massacres (such as the one that occurred near Malmedy, France), and the reader may be sure that there were men who became mentally unsound due to the effects of what they experienced there. Pilgrim is taken in by a group of soldiers who have found themselves behind the Nazi lines and are required to travel, by foot, back to friendly lines (V onnegut, 32). According to what research exists, severe hardship such as would exist on that journey could be enough to bring about a case of Acute Stress Disorder, but this combined with what followed afterward is certainly enough to bring about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (National Institute of Mental Health, Symptoms of PTSD). Again, look towards the following: during the trek Billy Pilgrim doesn’t move as quickly as the other soldiers desire to move, and so he is often lagging behind, and often the subject of scorn.

Anti Corruption Essay

Corruption is found in the government when instead of thinking about the interests of the citizens as a whole, the members of the government are chiefly interested in promoting their own selfish interests. Corruption is found in both public and private organizations and everyone starting from the clerk to the Managing Director of a company is corrupt in a way or the other. The clerk takes small bribes from the people who visit the office so that their work is finished early than the others who are waiting in a queue. In India, bribes are also accepted in a few temples where devotees offering bribes are given priority over others to visit the temple. Parents offer bribes in schools and colleges to get their child admitted. There is no institution, no organization which is not corrupt in a way or the other. But the question that arises is that can an anti-corruption movement be started and if yes, shall it be successful. The answer depends largely on the adaptation of anti-corruption measures by both the government and the citizens. It is essential for all the Indians to stop taking bribe and also to stop offering bribe in any form. This is the foundation on which the success of any anti- corruption measure will depend. A recent example of anti- corruption measure has been adopted by Mr. Anna Hazare against the existing system of government. He was of the opinion that the Lokpal Bill should be passed in both the houses of the Parliament as a result of which all the ministers and the members of the Parliament would become answerable before the law. The movement also supported by Mr. Arvind Kejriwal and was successful initially because it instilled among the citizens the awareness of the necessity to pass the Lokpal bill but this movement proved to be unsuccessful in the later stages when the Lokpal bill failed to pass. Corruption is an incurable disease which all the citizens should try to combat by hook or by crook. It is only because of the corrupt politicians that today India is burdened with enormous loans from the developed countries especially America. It has been estimated that if the money deposited In the Swiss Bank of Switzerland by the Indian politicians return to India, not only will India be free from all the loans but the rising prices of different commodities would immediately shoot down. People should be allowed to re- elect the candidate they voted for if he fails to fulfill the promises that he made while contesting the elections. People are of the opinion that corruption is a way of life and nothing can be done to  eradicate it. It is essential to understand that unless we as the citizens are not determined to do away with corruption from the roots, how we can expect the government to be corruption- free. Corruption is not a new phenomenon in India. It has been prevalent in society since ancient times. History reveals that it was present even in the Mauryan period. Great scholar Kautilya mentions the pressure of forty types of corruption in his contemporary society. It was practised even in Mughal and Sultanate period. When the East India Company took control of the country, corruption reached new height. Corruption in India has become so common that people now are averse to thinking of public life with it. Corruption has been defined variously by scholars. But the simple meaning of it is that corruption implies perversion of morality, integrity, character or duty out of mercenary motives, i.e. bribery, without any regard to honour, right and justice. In other words, undue favour for any one for some monetary or other gains is corruption. Simultaneously, depriving the genuinely deserving from their right or privilege is also a corrupt practice. Shrinking from one’s duty or dereliction of duty are also forms of corruption. Besides, thefts, wastage of public property constitute varieties of corruption. Dishonesty, exploitation, malpractices, scams and scandals are various manifestations of corruption. Corruption is not a uniquely Indian phenomenon. It is witnessed all over the world in develop ing as well as developed countries. It has spread its tentacles in every sphere of life, namely business administration, politics, officialdom, and services. In fact, there is hardly any sector which can be characterised for not being infected with the vices of corruption. Corruption is rampant in every segment and every section of society, barring the social status attached to it. Nobody can be considered free from corruption from a high ranking officer. To root out the evil of corruption from society, we need to make a comprehensive code of conduct for politicians, legislatures, bureaucrats, and such code should be strictly enforced. Judiciary should be given more independence and initiatives on issues related to corruption. Special courts should be set-up to take up such issues and speedy trial is to be promoted. Law and order machinery should be allowed to work without political interference. NGOs and   media should come forward to create awareness against corruption in society and educate people to combat this evil. Only then we would be able to save our system from being collapsed Now-a-days corruption can be seen everywhere. It is like cancer in public life, which has not become so rampant and perpetuated overnight, but in course of time. A country where leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel, Lai Bahadur Shastri and Kamraj have taken birth and led a value-based is now facing the problem of corruption. When we talk of corruption in public life, it covers corruption in politics, state governments, central governments, â€Å"business, industry and so on. Public dealing counters in most all government offices are the places where corruption most evident. If anybody does not pay for the work it is sure work won’t be done. People have grown insatiable appetite for money in them and they can go to any extent to get money. Undoubtedly they talk of morality and the importance of value-based life but that is for outer show. Their inner voice is something else. It is always crying for money. It has been seen the officers who are deputed to look into the matters of corruption turn out to be corrupt. Our leaders too are not less corrupt. Thus the network of corruption goes on as usual and remains undeterred. Corruption is seen even in the recruitment department where appointments are ensured through reliable middle agencies. Nexus between politicians and bureaucrats works in a very sophisticated manner. Nexus does also exist between criminals and police. Everybody knows that criminals have no morals, hence nothing good can we expect from them. But police are supposed to be the symbol of law and order and discipline. Even they are indulged in corruption. This is more so because they enjoy unlimited powers and there is no action against them even on complaints and sufficient proof of abuse of office atrocities and high handedness. Corruption can be need-based or greed-based. Better governance can at least help to check need-based corruption. Better governance can check greed based corruption also because punishment for the corrupt will be very effective and prompt in a better-governed country. The steps should be taken to correct the situation overall. Declarations of property and assets of the government employees are made compulsory and routine and surprise inspections and raids be conducted at certain intervals. Though it seerris very difficult to control corruption but it is not impossible. It is not only the responsibility of the government but ours too. We can eliminate  corruption if there will be joint effort. We must have some high principles to follow so that we may be models for the coming generation. Let us take a view t o create an atmosphere free from corruption. That will be our highest achievement as human beings. Introduction à ¢ â‚ ¬ Å“Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts â‚ ¬ absolutely.à ¢ It is not easy to define corruption. But in a narrow sense, corruption is primarily concerned with à ¢ â‚ ¬ ~ â‚ ¬ â„ ¢ bribery and takes several forms. Corruption is a global phenomenon and is omnipresent. Corruption has risen steadily and is now rampant in our society. National Stage Corruption in India is a consequence of the nexus between bureaucracy, politics and criminals. India is no longer considered a soft state. Now it has become a state of mind where everything can be had for a test. Today, the number of ministers with an honest image can be counted on the fingers. At one time, bribe was paid to do things wrong, but now they pay bribes to get things done well at the right time. Effects of corruption india administration is tainted with scandals. India is among 55 of the 106 countries where corruption is rampant, according to the Index of Perceived Corruption Report 2004, published by Transparency International India. Corruption in India leads to promotion not prison. It is very difficult to catch big sharks à ¢ â‚ ¬ ~ â‚ ¬ â„ ¢. Corruption in India has no wings wheels. As a nation grows, so do the corrupt to invent new methods of cheating the government and the public. The causes of corruption The causes of corruption are many and complex. The following are some of the causes of corruption.  †¢ Appearance of the political elite who believe in programs to interest rather than nation-oriented policies.  †¢ artificial shortages created by the people with malevolent intent destroys the fabric of the economy.  †¢ Corruption is caused as well as the increase due to the change in value system and ethical qualities of men who administer. The old ideals of morality, service and honesty are considered a achronistic.  †¢ The tolerance of people towards corruption, the complete lack of intense public outcry against corruption and the absence of strong public forum to oppose corruption allow corruption to reign over people.  †¢ The size of most of the population, coupled with widespread illiteracy and poor economic infrastructure tip of the endemic corruption in public life.  †¢ In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries of government officials are forced to resort to the path of corruption. IIM graduates with no experience in a very attractive salary than what government secretaries draw.  †¢ complex laws and procedures alienate common people to ask any government assistance.  †¢ The timing of elections is a time when corruption is at its peak. Great political fund employer to comply with the high cost of the election and ultimately seek personal favor. Bribery to politicians buys influence, and bribery of politicians buying votes. To be elected, politicians bribe poor illiterate people, who are slogging for two times meals â‚ ¬ â„ ¢. Measures to combat corruption Is it possible to contain corruption in our society? Corruption is a cancer, that all Indians should strive to cure. Many new leaders when in power declare their determination to eradicate corruption but soon become corrupt and begin to accumulate huge wealth. There are many myths about corruption, which must be exploited, if we really want to fight. Some of these myths are: Corruption is a way of life and nothing can be done. Only people from underdeveloped or developing countries are prone to corruption. You have to avoid all these crude fallacies while planning measures to combat corruption.  †¢ Laws should be foolproof so that no discretion to politicians and bureaucrats. The role of the politician should be minimized. The implementation of the policies developed should be left to the independent commission or authority in every area of public interest. Decision of the commission or authority should be challenged only in court.  †¢ The cooperation of the people must be obtained to successfully contain corruption. People should have the right to recall elected officials if they see that they become indifferent to the electorate.  †¢ The financing of elections is at the center of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. Several reforms such as state funding of election expenses of candidates, strict compliance with legal requirements such as elections in part as political parties have their accounts audited regularly and filing tax income, denying persons with criminal records the opportunity to participate in elections should be presented  †¢ Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. Bureaucracy, the backbone of good governance, should be more citizen friendly, responsible, ethical and transparent. †¢ Once again the courts should be open to the prompt and inexpensive justice so that cases donà ¢ â‚ ¬ â„ ¢ t stay in the courts for years and justice is delivered on time.  †¢ The local bodies independent of government, as Lokpals, Lokadalats, CVC and the vigilance committees should be formed to provide speedy justice with low expenses.  †¢ A new fundamental right to know. Right to Information should be made, which entitles citizens to seek the information they want. Barring some confidential information that relates to national and international security, another type of information should be available to the general public when necessary. strict measures against corrupt officials will undoubtedly have a deterrent effect. Conclusion Corruption is an intractable problem. It’s like diabetes, can only be controlled but not completely eliminated. It may not be possible to completely eradicate corruption at all levels, but may contain within tolerable limits. Honest and dedicated persons in public life, control over electoral expenses could be the most important recipe for fighting corruption. Corruption has a corrosive effect on our economy. Worsens our image in the international market and leads to lost opportunities abroad. Corruption is a global problem that all countries of the world are facing, solutions, however, can only be done at home. We tolerated corruption for so long. The time has come to eradicate its roots. Anna Hazare’s Movement Against Corruption A new landmark in the history of independent India, a new path paved by the veteran anti- corruption campaigner Anna Hazare. His struggle against corruption was a gentle reminder of Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha. His fast-unto death, the five day fast has shown the world what Gandhism means in today’s world. The power of Gandhiji’s non violence will never cease to exist in the ages to come. While in Libya and Yemen there is bloodshed for  freedom, where people are waging war against one another during the crisis, here in India, a respected social activist Anna Hazare is waging a peaceful, non violent war against corruption. His urge to free India of the greatest evil, corruption, commends appreciation. This fight against corruption staged at Jantar Mantar was not a one- man show. People from different parts of the country gave their support to Anna Hazare. The greatest merit of this non violent struggle was that no political party was involved in it. Anna Hazare and his supporters were not influenced by any political party. There was only one flag waving high in the sky and in our minds, the Indian National Flag. The fast ended on a very positive note when the idea of Jan Lokpal Bill was accepted by the Government of India. According to the Jan Lokpal Bill, there will be a separate body to investigate and curb the ugly face of India†¦.CORRUPTION; where people have the right to raise their voice against corrupt politicians. Moreover the CBI will be seen as an independent body, free of any other external influence. Now that the bill is going to be sanctioned, a very important question arises†¦. Can all the Indians touch their heart and say with confidence that the Jan Lokpal Bill will eradicate corruption Maybe to an extent but I don’t think it will erase corruption completely in a vast country like India. The Jan Lokpal Bill may have loopholes like the Right to Information Act, an Act passed due to the thrust laid by Anna Hazare. According to the right to information act, the citizens of India have the right to get information on any matter concerning the country, but recently an incident occurred which clearly reflects the loopholes in it. A citizen of India lodged a complaint about the illegal wealth possessed by the former chief justice of India, K.G Balakrishnan. Even today complete information about the wealth of this most corrupted chief justice of India is not known to the public. Why? Is it beyond the Right to Information Act? Similar loopholes are likely to be there in the Lokpal bill also. It is sure that as time passes some illegal and illogical rule will come whereby the citizens cannot use this bill against the Prime Minister, Chief justice and so on thus restricting its use. The new committee formed to frame the bill must take in the interest of all sections of the population. It should be taken care that the bill will be unbiased and does not favour any person; be it the president or prime minister. Further it should be accompanied by other reformation, yes, reformation from  the grass root level. Recently when assembly elections were held in Kerala, crores of rupees were spent by each candidate of the 140 constituencies for campaigning. Where did this money come from? If it is the contribution made by big industrialists and so on, then those candidates when elected should serve their interests. In Tamil Nadu, people are given free T.Vs and laptops. Where did this money come from? All these are different manifestations of corruption. A very effective way to end corruption is to reduce the money power in elections. Crores of rupees are deposited as black money by many influential people abroad.This unaccounted money should be brought back and if it is done, this black money alone can provide the necessary funds required for the construction of metros in all the states of India. These reformations if enforced can provide that extra impetus needed to curb corruption along with the Lokpal bill. The Lokpal bill is cent percent legitimate and it upholds the spirit of the constitution because its main aim is to create a corruption- free India. If by any chance it is against any article of the constitution, it is better to amend the constitution rather than the bill because of its most noble cause. The 2G spectrum case, Adharsh Bhavan Colony, commonwealth games are the different issues which we have been hearing in the last few months which has made India a laughing stock in the comity of nations. Let us use the Jan Lokpal bill wisely, sealing its loopholes and see the ultimate result. Let us hope for the best. Corruption in India has made inroads in all fields of life. Corruption is present in politics, the bureaucracy, corporate and private sectors and is the root cause for most of the problems that plague India. Since the last year, the issue has been widely debated and there has been a considerable mass mobilization against corruption by social activist Sri Anna Hazare and his team members. The Government of India established a Group of Ministers (GoM) in January 2011 to consider measures to tackle corruption. It has submitted two reports. In pursuance of this, 1. Government has directed that requests for sanction of prosecution are to be decided upon by the competent authority within a period of three months. 2. Government decided that for all officers of the central government above the rank of Joint Secretary, the competent authority to approve initiation of  enquiry/investigation under Section 6A of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act will be the Minister-in-charge in the Government of India. 3. Government has also accepted the recommendation of the GoM to put in place regulatory parameters for exercise of discretionary powers by Ministers and to place them in public domain 4. A comprehensive ‘Lokpal and Lakyuktas Bill, 2011’ was passed by the Lok Sabha this year. 1. ‘The Whistle Blowers Protection Bill 2011’ intended to provide protection to whistle-blowers, was passed by the Lok Sabha and is presently with the Rajya Sabha. 2. India ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption in May, 2011. The Convention has entered into force for India on 8th June 2011. With a view to ensuring full compliance with this Convention, ‘The Prevention of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials and Officials of Public International Organizations Bill 2011’ was introduced in the Lok Sabha. The Report of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Bill is under consideration of the Government.