A Strategic Analysis of GE Healthcare Essay Example for Free

A Strategic abbreviation of GE health care EssayGE healthcare is a building block of the wider command Electric Company. It has a spherical orientation, employing more than than 46, 000 staff committed to serving health care professionals and patients in over 100 countries. It is headquartered in the United res publica (UK)-the first GE credit line segment outside the United States. It has a turnover of approximately $ 17 billion. The headquarters hosts GE healthcare corporate offices as well as finance, sales, global sourcing departments, X-Ray marketing, manufacturing, design and shipping. The finance and sales departments at the headquarters handle GE Healthcares high take aim decisions, but each modality often has its own similar departments. The global sourcing department handles all purchasing for the firm. GE Healthcare provides a build of products service namely Technologies in medical resourcefulness, diagnostics in medicine, systems for monitoring patients, solutions for improving performance, discovering drugs, and technologies to manufacture biopharmaceuticals.It also provides X-Ray products which include radiography, fluoroscopy, vascular, cardiology, and the Mobile C-Arm machine. At present, GE Healthcare has six major business units Global Diagnostic Imaging Unit with its headquarters in the US, its business includes digital mammography, X-ray services, Magnetic Resonance, Computed Tomography and technologies in Molecular Imaging. Integrated IT Solutions (IITS). Also headquartered in Barrington USA, IITS offers solutions in clinical and monetary information technologies, such as IT Products and service for departments, systems for picture Archiving and Communications, Information System solutions in Radiology and Cardiovascular in addition to practices and systems for managing revenue cycles.Medical Diagnostics Business Unit. This is headquartered in USA and its business includes Researches in Medical Diagnostics, manufacturing a nd marketing imaging agents used in medical s set upning techniques to view human body organs and tissues. Clinical Systems Unit. Also Headquartered in the US, this business offers a variety of healthcare services and technological solutions for medical officers and managers of healthcare systems. These include Ultrasound, technologies for monitoring patients, bone densitometry, incubators, respiratory care and management of anesthesia. GE Healthcare Life Sciences Unit. This is headquartered in Sweden. It produces technologies for discovering drugs, biopharmaceutical manufacturing and cellular technologies.This division also manufactures equipment for the purifying biopharmaceuticals. GE Healthcare Surgery Business Unit. This division offers equipment and technologies for surgical care interventions, cardiac, systems and technologies for diagnostic monitoring, systems and data management technologies, to systems for mobile fluoroscopic imaging, instrumentations on 3D visual systems and navigation. Its headquarters are in Utah, USA, GE Healthcare has offices in different parts of the world. It also has primary regional operation centers in Paris, Japan, and India. (GE Healthcare Website Retrieved December 2010)Business Strategy and Organizational Structure AnalysisThe world business environment is constantly ever-ever-changing, presenting new opportunities and contends. This calls for competitive strategies in lay to remain competitive. This section evaluates the opportunities and challenges presented by GE Healthcare organizational construction. In the Financial Year (FY) ending December 2007, the company recorded revenues of $16, 997 million an ontogeny of 2.7% over 2006. The operating profit was $3,056 million in 2007 drop of 2.7% from 2006. This GE business unit recorded revenues of $16,015 million, during the Financial Year (FY) ended December 2009. This reflected a decrease of 7.9% over FY 2008. The operating profit for the FY ended December 2009 was $2,240 million a decrease of 15.1% over FY 2008. Analysts attribute to both the complex internal and extraneous environments of the company. I evaluate this argument by undertaking a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis of the company and integrating it to the Porters Five Forces Model.Internal AnalysisGE healthcare is one of the trump out firms in shootership development. The firms Human Resources Department is keen in developing a strong workforce that responds to changing global needs. It employs strategically employs and motivates the best qualified talents globally. It invests more than $100 million annually on educational training and staff development. The GE Healthcare base provides advanced training for GEHC employees and customers. It combines Technical training, Applications and Leadership trainings. More than 70 laboratories with the latest equipment provide GE and customers world class instruction in all areas of equipment fear and opera tion. The Training in Partnership curriculum provides a full range of training programs.GE managers are considered one of the firms classifiable competencies and strengths. The challenge is maintaining employee motivation through better remuneration in a time of global economic meltdown and declining profits for the firm. GE Healthcare is capable of changing and constantly re-inventing itself to deal with changing business needs. Setting new standards for management, organizational design, Research and Development has been the pillar of the firm. This is evidenced by the establishment of the six distinctive business units stated above. Exploiting the resources that the firm has, this competency can be meant un-substitutable. The firm is continually innovating to develop solutions to customer changing needs.As Jeffrey Immelt stated, the firms employees have an ability to pop off in the moment. This quality is rare and not easily imitated. This organizational culture ensures that emp loyees continue with innovation and development of new ideas. The firm has a global orientation, with production facilities outside the US and UK, a wider customer base, a superior brand, sales, marketing, IT and Production departments within every modality. This ensures efficiency of service within each business unit.To ensure financial accountability in outsourcing and procurement, decisions regarding this are handled by offices at the headquarters. GE Healthcare operates within the Rubric of the well known and established General Electric this promotes sharing of management knowledge and experiences. General Electric is a well known Brand with a global touch. This strong internal structure has been at the core of the firms success. However Organizations function as systems, they interact and respond to the surrounding environment (Barnard 1938). This calls for an external analysis of this firm.External AnalysisCompetitor AnalysisAnalysts argue that competitors can ensure that sim ilar firms remain productive. Though this can be healthy for consumers, small competitors and substitute product can drive giants out of the market. Siemens AG competes against GE group in communications, power, transportation, medical, and lighting industries. Siemens and HE Healthcare are most competitive in the healthcare industry. Siemens Medical Solutions happens to be largest supplier of healthcare equipment globally.Siemens AG is distinctive in its innovativeness and provision of complete solutions to its customers. Siemens is actually larger, with fuddled to 440,000 employees, 70,000 of which are located in the U.S. Despite the fact that GE Healthcare outdoes Siemens AG in healthcare ($9.4 billion) and energy ($15.3 billion) it is a competitor that cannot be ignored. Both operate at virtually global scale. Other competitors include FUJIFILM Medical Systems USA, Inc. Hitachi Medical Corporation Nihon Kohden Corporation Schiller AG TOSHIBA Medical Systems Corporation Philips Healthcare Philips Respironics, Inc.Industry AnalysisGeneral Electrics firms including the Healthcare unit have been analyzed using porters five forces warning to determine which industry is more attractive. GE Healthcare industry is challenged by competitors and new market entrants. Consumers constantly demand low prices at a high quality leading to intensifier bargaining. Retailers have to bargain with suppliers to fix the prices of their products. The GE retail industry also faces the threat of substitute products. For more on the competency strategy, SWOT analysis an the forces model see Appendix 1 and 2.RecommendationsGE Healthcare already has a global orientation, large customer base. The success of GE Healthcare lies at how best it chooses its business focus. There is need to focus on a specific market niche. Too much diversification and provision of a wide variety of products may be a step forward but it can also become a mechanism for reversal. Much diversification can le ad to lose of business focus. It is evident that new technology and the creation of a global virtual market offer an opportunity for the firm to grow its business.African and some Asian markets are still virgins to the firm. There is need to identify and exploit this business markets. Where favorable, establish production facilities. Advertising and strategic marketing ashes a superior option to strengthen the firms brand identity. With increasing human rights concerns and demands for accountability, there is need for education and corporate social responsibility, as consumers are becoming more sensitive to scientific information. Nevertheless challenges of environmental accountability abound and cannot be ignored.Works CitedBarnard, C.I. The Functions of the Executive, Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1938. Print. Barnard, C.I. Organization and Management Selected Papers, Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press. 1948. Print. Brady, Diane. GE When Execs Outperform the Stock. Business Week 17 Apr. 2006. Goel Sanjay et al .General Electric Strategic Management.

Project on Product Solar Lamp Essay Example for Free

Project on Product solar Lamp EssayAbstract of the ProjectGiven Indias size and the sheer frame of its farflung or remote hamlets, unpolished merchandise is always a challenge. And when the harvest-homeion is relatively new, like solar lighting devices, the challenge gets even bigger. Yet the Jaipur-based edge foodstuffs, or FM, founded by Ms. Ajaita Shah, has taken up the task and despite the odds to reach out to villages in state of Rajasthan, and seems to be succeeding with their strategy of market the new output. * Frontier Market conducted marketing sessions to build demand for harvest-tides in BOP (Base of Pyramids) households. * Frontier Markets developed a peer-to-peer marketing strategy that is a creative, below-the-line marketing technique that are most likely to succeed among peri-urban and rural consumers.* Frontier Markets gauged the potential of the products through market assessments, and feedback to determine whether market entry for the new product like Solar lamps is execut subject to enter in the rural areas. Based on the market survey, FM targeted the mass population of the Base of the Pyramid (BOP) which includes 732 one thousand thousand people living on little than Rs. 150,000/year in villages and urban slums throughout India where majority of the people wear in darkness without having any light in their house. In order to reach out to people with clean energy products , FM introduced the product SOLAR LAMPS with a concept called Spreading well-fixed with a slogan lets light our home this diwali Later on FM came up with a brand name Saral Jeevan where in they source the solar product in bulk from different manufacture and selling in the brand name of Saral Jeevan . FM also used their trump card for selling the product in villages by Village- train community workers. The Company has sold already 700 solar lighting lamps in 350 odd villages in Chomu district in Rajasthan.In the flesh out case study, it would cover how FM selected the product based on the segments in specific to the BOP population (Base of Pyramid) and target market area and acceptance level of the product in the remote villages and the challenges faced with the following tough nuts a) Solar lamp are relatively new and explaining their use to Rural Folks is a challenge b) Village dwellers have fickle cash flows dep oddityent as they are on an agri-based economy c) They are extremely price and value advisedd) They have very low brand affinityIntroduction* Market SurveyThe Base of the Pyramid (BOP) includes 732 million people living on less than Rs.150,000/year in villages and urban slums throughout India. The great majority of men and women work in agriculture, animal husbandry, factories or own rural shops.* * Rural consumers entirety 45% of the countrys total GDP. * Approximately 72% of the total India population live in 600,000 villages and, about 8% of the total population live in 4,738 semi-urban towns* The median age group is is 27.5. * Average household size is 4.8. * An average of 2.72 children are born to every adult woman. * At 61%, the boilers suit literacy level in India is well below Unescos target threshold of 75%. Literacy among women is just over 50%. * There are over 112 beget tongues with more than 10,000 speakers and, 33 languages spoken by one million or more persons. * Indicators of human poverty apprize that 16.8% will not survive historical the age of 40 and, 47% of children between the ages of 0-5 are underweight for their age. * Ernst and Young, The Retailer, October 2009The BOP customer refers to the estimated 4 billion people around the world who are shortsighted by any measure and have limited or no access to essential products and services such as energy, clean water, and communications. Globally, people in this socioeconomic group earn Rs. 50 to Rs.400 in purchasing power parity (PPP) per day. Yet these households often pay higher prices than wealthier consumers do for lower-quality goods and services because of noncompetitive markets. The rural Indian BoP market as households spend less than INR 3,453 Indian rupees on goods and services per month. This definition represents a market of 114 million households, or 76 percent of the rural population. (CDF/IFMR Power to the muckle Study). Marketing* Frontier Markets marketing field staff conduct marketing sessions to build demand for products in BOP households. * Frontier Markets developed a peer-to-peer marketing strategy that is a creative, below-the-line marketing technique that are most likely to succeed among peri-urban and rural consumers.Market Entry and Product Feedback* FM collects data about its consumers to understand their product demands as well as understand which products to introduce into the market. * FM collects consumer data to allow for feedback on products like Solar lamp and its usages. * Frontier Markets also gauge the potential of their products through market assessmen ts, and feedback to determine whether market entry for certain product is viable in urban and rural consumers. Product ConceptFM with their market survey and feedback, came up with selling and distributing the Solar lamps in the segment i.e. BOP (Bottom of the Pyramid) segments where in that location is a need of clean energy in the rural villages. They targeted the base of Pyramid segments which as geographically wise spread in the remote village areas where in that respect is need of the product.Market SegmentFM CEO Ms. Shah, said Reaching out to rural markets requires a bottom-up approach, she says. they had to identify what rural people need, the price points they are comfortable with, demonstrate the use of the product they are selling, and show them why it is relevant to their lives. Having earlier worked with microfinance institutions, Ujjivan Financial Services and SKS Microfinance, Shah reveals her expertise that there are many products for which there is latent demand in rural areas, but they do not sell there simply because of distribution problems. With solar lamps, she saw the opportunity to fill a vital gap. FM sources solar products in bulk from different manufacturers and retails them under the brand name Saral Jeevan. FMs trump card is the profile of its agents, whom it pays a commission.These are village-level community workers, who are already familiar faces in the region, since they also provide some other service. People trust these village representatives as they are known to them, says Shah. In order to create the demand and to reach out to people in villages, FM worked on the people which include krishi mitras (farmers friends) who are employed by the Krishi Vigyan Kendras, an Indian Council of Agricultural Research project, to keep farmers informed about latest agricultural technologies workers in government-run anganwadis (creches) as well as employees of a privately-owned dairy, which sells milk in rural areas. FMs current network is confined to Chomu district of Rajasthan, adjoining Jaipur, but it hopes to detonate much further in the coming years.Bhagwan Sahai Yadav is one such krishi mitra, who also sells Saral Jeevan products. In a testimonial to the product he sells, he bought one himself. I bought a solar lantern from Frontier Markets so that my granddaughter could study in the evening, he says. The company has 30 such agents and has sold 700 solar lighting products in 214 of Chomus 350-odd villages. FM now chasing a target of selling 500 products a month, says Shah. The plan is to reach out to two other districts, Alwar and Bassi, and all of Rajasthan by the end of 2013.They have also tie-ups with companies making clean energy products such as D.light and Duron Energy in Bangalore, Intelizon in Hyderabad and Greenlight Planet in Mumbai. FM CEO Ms Shah wants to replicate the model across three to five other states in the next five years. No clean energy company has yet been able to establish a pan-Ind ia presence. Some have tried to rope in microfinance companies to help with the distribution, but the effort has usually failed. And while distributing through village-level community workers seems a viable method, bottlenecks remain. While FM was busy in developing the concept for selling Solar Lamps, following feedback were also gathered1) does a customer in a far-off village go if the battery of his solar lamp turns out to be faulty or the switch malfunctions ?2) One such is product servicing. Where does a customer in a far-off village go if the battery of his solar lamp turns out to be faulty or the switch malfunctions.3) Community workers do not have the specialised knowledge to repair lamps if they stop working. But at least they can, and do, provide corrective feedback to FM and, through it, to the manufacturers. Duron Energy, for instance, stopped occupation of one of its solar lamps called Duron Pro following reports from FM that its light, though very bright, was too focu sed and did not cover an entire room. In order to mortify the above issues and FM after 6 months of operations in Rajasthan, Frontier Markets, Saral Jeevan exposed up their first retail store as a plowshare of Frontier Markets channel in Chomu Rajasthan.This retail point will be a concept store providing sales and service for local anesthetic consumers in and around the Chomu area. Frontier Markets is an exclusive partner to Saral Jeevan, or Easy Life, an Indian branded retail channel created to better relate to low-income households in rural areas near Chomu. After months of understanding villages, and areas, Frontier Markets helped Saral Jeevan build market presence and chose Chomu as a central location for a retail point to crack accessibility and accountability in service for households. Though the model is very scalable, given the huge market at the bottom of the pyramid, execution remains a major challenge,Case Study1) FM came up with selling of Solar Lamp targeting the hu ge market at the bottom of the pyramid.2) Product selection / Concept Solar Lamp need of the people in the remote villages as A clean energy.3) Market Segment Rural areas / Villages4) Strategy and Market Concept FM launched the product with a different brand name Saral Jeevan or Easy Life as the people in Rural Areas look for local brand as they are not so Brand Consensus.5) FM also used the local channels such as krishi mitras (farmers friends), Angan-wadis for distribution of their product.6) FM also opened up Branch office concept store providing sales and service for local consumersPrepared byJ.K.NandaYogi BallaniSuraj GaikwadExhibit IStudy on Indian Energy MarketIndias growth story is astounding, and has spread into the interior at a rapid pace. Current estimates put the rural market conjointly at $425B USD in 2010-2011 (CII-Technopak, November 2009). This estimate doubles the 2004-05 market size of $220 USD. These are collective figures. % Growth in 2006 over 5 years Nati onal Readership Studies Council (NRS) disguise TV rural = 235%, semi urban = 91%Motorcycle rural = 113%, semi urban = 90%Refrigerator rural = 52%, semi urban= 20%Air cooler rural = 86%, semi urban =29%The energy market is additionally astoundingUS $75 on goods and services per month (known as Base of the Pyramid.) About 40 percent of Indias rural households do not have access to electricity, and more than 85 percent must depend on dirty kerosene for lighting and firewood for cooking. * Estimates vary, but about 500m poor entrepreneurs need access to finance while hardly just over 150m have access (Source State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2009) * Less than 500k clients of MFIs have access to energy loans (Source Using Microfinance to Expand devil to Energy Services, 2007) * 1.7 billion people globally have no access to electricity and 2.4 billion people rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating, producing millions of wads of CO2 (Source The Next 4 Billion, 2008)A recent study conducted by the Center for Development Finance (CDF) at the Institute for Microfinance Research (IFMR) examined the market size of the social durable market for solar lights and fuel-efficient stoves. The purpose of the study was to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the market. CDFs initial finding suggest a more conservative estimation for the solar light and fuel-efficient stove market than other previous studies. * The present solar lantern market is estimated to be around $18.5Milion USD (annually, nationally). * The fuel-efficient stove market, $24Million USD (annually, nationally). These numbers were based on the following equation(Price of least expensive product available in the market) (Number of Households) (Adoption rate) / (Average product lifespan) Previous market coat estimates may be larger due to errors / differences in calculating and methodology such as ignoring the sufferance rate and product longevity variables. Additionally, a s adoption rates increase due to lower product cost, customer education, and consumer financing options, the market will naturally become more mature.

Design Concepts in Architecture

anatomy Concepts in Architecture origination is the close to basic human fishing gearnal activity. One could argue that Palaeolithic cave conscriptions were base on this fundamental human creative need. The word design derives from the Italian word disegno, meaning drawing of a work. Many confuse the nonion of normal to finesse. Design can well be seen in finesse, but as an inde savedent subject it must(prenominal) be considered as entirely different. One of the outset to distinguish this difference, were some(prenominal) British design historians, dating from 1977.Design can be seen and experienced e in truthwhere. Design can be a development progress or an object. Definition for the word design given by designer Richard Seymour is making things better for people. Design expands so vastly, It can be seen in furniture, liftising, machinery, books, media, fashion, computers, food and in many other fields.Design flatadays is a subject of university study, much(prenomi nal) as vivid design and industrial design etc. It has always been accepted that any integrity who scored something, or do something look good, aesthetic or beautiful could be considered a designer. pull down though most(prenominal) people believe that a good design is one that looks beautiful, this is non always the case. A good design is one which focuses in the main upon its intended function. A successful design is one that completely fulfils the needs of its intended purpose, Form Follows Function. A designer must be able to adjoin some(prenominal) points aesthetical, operativeic, theoretical, mechanical, organizational and functional.The word design holds much meaning and design paradoxes argon endless, it would therefore be impossible to analyse them all. The focus of this review analyze is the architectural argona of design.In early 1937, Czech philosopher, Jan Mukarovsky developed a model of five functions for architecture the immediate, the historical, the pers onal, the social and the aesthetic.In the bena of Art and Architecture, Design is a basic principle that must be carried egress through every piece of work. In this respect, design is an idea, a concept, which is transferred from the individuals mind on to canvas, make-up, colored score etc.In England (16th century) the term design was utilise under the sense of plan from which something is to be madea drawn sketch for an artwork, but excessively s Bernhard Burdek said an object of applied artsDesign can be anything that stings ones imagination. Italian designer Giorgio Giugiano says there is nonhing without design.As the 20th century approached innovative attitudes in Art made their appearance. New styles were discovered by different artistic experiments such(prenominal) as Art Nouveau, Arts and Crafts Art Deco. These artistic trends and movements would include the styles referred to as the isms of the period, for example Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and others. Some of these aforementioned aras had an impact in Architecture, but it must be noted that the Architectural field consisted of its own movements which rose inside these decades.Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Renaissance architects and artists would combine their knowledge in guild to produce a make design which combined and encompassed both the beauty of Art, but also the power and discipline of Architecture.The roots of advanced Art dates hold up to the 19th century. Artists were experimenting with their paintings and sculptures in order to queue something different, something that could express better what the painter, sculptor saw or felt, but at the same time enabling the observer to experience the artwork himself through his personal emotions. Areas of the Modern Art movement will be further analysed in the forthcoming paragraphs and their connection with the architectural styles which were popular at that time. Even though the modern era in architecture consists of several othe r movements (Usonianism, Constructivism, Purism etc), the purpose of this review is to analyze the influences that Art had on Architecture during the 20th century.Within the jump decade of the 20th century, the scratch movement in Modern Art, to make its appearance was Expressionism. Painters such as Vincent van Gogh would flatten their paintings using lines, exaggerating certain fragments of the painting, either by using bright colours or by just the sincere and minimal black and white. This simplified way of painting would usually portray sceneries focusing not on the beauty as the public was use to, but the suffering, poverty and violence were the notions nonplused.Parallel to Expressionism in Art, Expressionist Architecture started to develop. Most examples Can be found in Germany and a few other European countries. Similarly to artists arduous to conceive of the cold truth of a humans life without any essence of beauty, leading architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropins and Hans Poelzig developed poetical and dramatic designs influenced by natural miscellanys which consisted of unusual shapes and potfuling. Manmade materials, such as, brick, steel, concrete and most importantly glass were key characteristics to this architectural style.In the lithograph on the leftover, Scream, also known as Shouting, the notion of sadness , fear or even death have been range of a functiond the print consists only of lines, which all lead to the burden of the picture, to the most important part, the screaming figure. The facial characteristics of the human question atomic number 18 very minimal, and may remind one of a caricature or a cartoon even though the face is some what destroyed the person shouting, holding his head, with wide o publish look and mouth, gives one the impression of fear as if he was facing something that s condole withd him. The figure itself is very thin , the minimal appearance of clothing and the skinny face, may be though t to be either an old woman or man, facing the time of death.One of the buildings which has been placed under the title of Expressionist Architecture, is Hans Poelzigs sight space and water tower building. This extraordinary design of its time, is located in the city of Poznan, in Poland and was completed in 1991. Throughout the building it is punishing to find any straight lines curves and flowing shapes are what make up the Einstein Tower. It looks more like a poetic and romantic sculpture than a building for such a specific use. The steps leading up to the entrance, through the body of the building with its dome like roof, reminds one of a naturally occurring beingness such as a plant or an underocean creature.In France, during the period 1907 to 1914, the leaders Picasso and Braque developed the movement of Cubism, which largely differs from Expressionism. Analytical Cubism, foc apply on two-dimensional, flat paintings which would picture an object by breaking it down into sh apes. Lines, geometric forms and bright colours were a necessary characteristic. Synthetic Cubism derived from the method of Collage, synthesising, combining painting, incorporating pictures from snip publicizings, cuttings and clippings of different materials to generate a complete piece of artwork.As previously mentioned, Cubism was potently associated with two-dimensional picture. This motive in art also had an influence on architecture. Well analysed and synthesized architectural spaces, would remain in the usual two dimensions architectural representations were based on the artistic era of the time. Closely related to Cubism is Abstract Art. artistry now is not a matter of copying what appeared in front of ones eyes, but something that one may call a piece of decoration. What the artist feels becomes art. During the offshoot World War, a group of young artists, named Dada, made their presence. They found a way to express their protest to the war, through their abstract p ainting.Picassos Violin, appears to be very confusing. By its title, one becomes familiar with what is portrayed. The painting illustrates a destroyed musical instrument, broken/cut into pieces. With its curved shapes and brown colours it is easily understood. But what is fascinating closely this piece of artwork is the way the artist has shaded each part of the violin, giving it a special significance. Even though the painting is portrayed on a canvas (two dimensional), the hole picture seems to escape those boundaries, each part appears to stand out from the canvas.Dada for me was a unexampled beginning and a closure. In supernumerary Zurich where the newspapers can say what they want, where magazines were founded and poems against the war read out, here where there were no ration-cards and no ersatz, here we had the possibility of shouting out everything that was filling us pair to burst. Richard Huelsenbeck.During 1922 to 1924, when Dada began to lose their influence, Surre alism was introduced. Painters were creating dream like pictures. Within these paintings one fragment would blend and merge into another and depending on the angle in which one viewed the drawing, the picture on the canvas would change. The same object could have two or more uses within the painting.Architecture has embraced most art movements and Surrealism was not be left out. As was analyzed in the previous paragraph, painting fragments, which had three-fold uses, were one of the principles undertaken in this art style. Architects were incorporating two or more in some cases uses to a building, multiple approaches and embeddings.Within this surrealist painting of Dali, different elements accommodated a different story and in some cases may have more than one role. In the centre of the painting , a female face appears, her eyes are also seashells on the beach, her forehead and nose form a fruit bowl panoptic of pears on her left hand side there is a dark tunnel with a river, whe reas on the left side of the painting, there is mountain with sea waves running down towards the females face. The mountain to the right acts as a dogs head and what seems to be its collar is a bridge many other such elements are hidden within this painting.These two multi-storey buildings, appear to be dancing. The male (cylindrically shaped building on the right), Fred, is standing near to Ginger (female). Fred seems to be reaching out his right arm to his dancing partner. This concrete structure, relates to the strong nature of a male. On the other hand, Ginger, as a woman, constructed from glass, appears more fragile, just as a woman can be elegant and delicate.Advertisements, comic books, magazines, posters, movies and everything else which portrayed some sort of a commercial image came in fashion art was now called polish Art. Although many believe that Pop Art was discovered in America, continuing from the movement of Abstract Expressionism in the 1930s, Pop Art was actuall y first seen in London. Leader and inventor of this movement was English painter and Collage artist Richard Hamilton. Often called the intellectual father of Pop Art.The Abstract era continues to evolve in the United States and in Europe. Op Art, also known as Optical Art is appearing. In the period of the 60s and the 70s, vibration and optical illusions created either by monochrome, images or outstandingly bright coloured pictures consisting of basic geometric shapes were this movements principles.Similarly to optical illusions in Op Art, illusions of such type can be found within the humans of architecture maybe this is not an era called Op Architecture but defiantly architects have been inspired from this particular artistic styleSoon after came minimalism, with Kenneth Noland, Larry Poons and others. minimal art consisted of simple colours and solid shapes based on geometric forms. Artists would reduce as much of the elements as possible within their work in order for it to a ppear simple but yet again well worked. Such fragments would be colours, textures and volumes.Architect Mies van der Rohe, adopted the so well know parlance les is more, by developing building designs which consisted of open plan layouts, minimal exteriors etc. Minimalism and Architecture is still a movement that continues to grow. Minimalist architecture comprising of simple volumes and clear lines, which sometimes look very similar to solid geometric shapes, is a style of architecture found all around us.Oil, water colour, charcoal, pen and ink, sculptures and photography are some of the art forms that can be found within the Fine Art department. There are different techniques in which an artist can experiment and develop in order to produce what might be a masterpiece. The French word coller meaning glue is the term use do describes one of those methods. The assembly of different materials, which create a new image, is else known as Collage. One of the first examples that can be related to this motif was found in China and dates from 200 BC, during the invention of paper. It was not until many decades later, in the era of Modern Art and during the Analytical Cubism phase, when Collage was formally introduced. Pablo Picasso and George Braque were the first to bring out the glamour of this technique in the year 1906-07. George Braque was the inventor of montage in Modern Art. He mostly applied this technique on his charcoal drawings. One of the earliest most famous collages was Picassos Guitar, airplane medicinal drug and Glass. By autumn 1912 it was apparent that Picasso was very interested in the three-dimensional building of a collage.As in Picassos Violin (pg.4) for one to understand what is portrayed, one should be familiar with the object in question in this case Guitar, Music sheet and Glass constructed in September 1912, follows the same principle. The reboot surface of the collage appears to be a section of flowery wall paper the shapes in whic h the other fragments of the collage are cut are very simple and one could say effortless but the way in which they are consistent together gives the observer a clear impression of the subject. On the left hand side of the collage the body of the guitar is formed from a wood-like cut-out. The blue rectangle next to it reminds us or the neck of the guitar, and below this the white circle resembles the sound hole. A black cut out of a semicircle forms the base. To the right are strips of sheet music and below a newspaper cutting and one of Picassos sketches picturing an abstract view of a wine glass, are the fragments which are used in order to compete the Guitar, Music sheet and Glass collage.Tatlins assembly on the left is a three-dimensional abstract construction. This creates the feeling of anger or fear and is due largely to the materials chosen. Canvas or board paper are replaced by an old wooden board. Industrial materials replace paper cut-outs which are secured by screws ins tead of glue. The artist, in this case, is not interested in a clean finish, but creating a rougher and more textured result which all score to its beauty.The discovery that the very distinction between flat and volumetric was no longer absolute, that through a process of unprecedented spatial semantic complexity, something deeply unsettling was happening to art.?Picasso started to experiment with his papier collers adding other materials which had a special significance. Cardboard, wood, metal and other textiles were incorporated within his Cubist artworks which were soon characterized as surrealist In the years to come, several more artists, such as, Vladimir Tatlin, Varvara Stepanova and Alexandr Rodchenko, were producing collages. Newspapers, advertisement strips, magazine parts, photographs were some of the materials used.During the First World War, a young group of artists known as Dada were introduced, and soon became very popular. Dada attempted, in their own artistic way, to protest against what was happening to the world around them. The Dada movement was controversial at the time. They introduced a new art form, the art of expressing, in a more literal way, their thoughts about the disaster of the Great War. Dada meaning Hobby Horse in French, consisted of six members. Hugo Ball, his fan Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara, Hans Richter, Marcel Janco and Hans Arp. The group were based in Switzerland and the Dada era was born in 1916 in the city of Zurich.Dadaism did not only produce drawings or paintings it was an era where all visual and intellectual arts were combined together. They used drawings, paintings, sculptures and poetry. It combined artistic, philosophical, music and political aspects. Hugo Ball would take poems apart and place the actors line in a random sequence. This recycling words technique and later on the photomontages and collages produced by the Dada group, would make one think that they were not so much inventors but recyclersOn t he other hand another member of the group, Hans Arp was concentrating on the visual representation of their protest. Through collages and reliefs he was expressing the need of change. Within those collages, elements of wood, screws and paper can be found. The construction of those art works, were based on the law of change as Arp would say. Coming back to the motif of three-dimensional collages reliefs (page 8, Picasso), the Dada reliefs made this motif obvious. The shape in which the elements of the reliefs were cut was well thought, planned and processed. Sketched beforehand and placed exactly in order to complete the artwork. Usually curved and oriented in a natural like way would be remeniscent of organic cultures and the era of Impressionism.We do not wish to imitate nature we do not wish t reproduce. We want to produce. We want to produce the way a plant produces its fruit, not depict. We want to produce directly, not indirectly. Since there is not a trace of abstraction in t his art we call it concrete art.First collages created by Hans Arp were very minimal and simple. One could say that little effort had gone(p) into creating them.Dadas reliefs are some what different to what one has seen through the history of collage. Shapes cut out from wood in natural forms are stuck one on realize of the other. This technique could remind one of the three-dimensional construction of collages during the period of 1912-14 (pg.8). But in the reliefs on the left, an abstract assembly consisting of organic shaped, wooden fragments , painted in pastel colours, give the impression of a playful scene. Maybe one from the deep oceans or a field covered with flowersMoving away form the notion of three-dimensional construction, Dadas work also consists of papier colles Rectangles arranged according to the Laws of Change, is one of dadas paper collages squares and rectangles in two shades of blue are cut and randomly placed on the hoist (blue) surface of the collage. No r ight angles appear anywhere in this piece of artwork, nor in the position in which the paper fragments are placed on the board, nor in the way the elements are cut.Arp was always pleased to work and create art with other artists. In 1916 Arp invented the Fatagaga pictures. Fatagaga was a word which derived from the first syllables of the sentence Fabrication de Tableaux garantis gazometriques, meaning production of guaranteed gasometric pictures. Based on this new term, Arp and other artists created the i-drawings. The group continued to express their compassion to the sufferings of the public, but this time their collages, or as they called them, photomontages, were not so simple looking. Dada brought photographs in the papier colles, which pictured human bodies with different heads or objects placed on their forehead in cabal with written illustrations, suggesting in their way the political and social exasperation towards the world.With Analytical Cubism, art opened its doors to papier colle, the construction and design of collages. Dada introduced that a collage did not only have to consist of paper and glue, but it could incorporate other materials as well, (wood, photographs, paint etc).Max Ernst said I had to admit that in most of my collages there was no use for glue that I am not responsible for the term collageAs the 1920s entered Dada collages formed a big change collages where now consisting if geometric shapes, well processed and cut. The i-picture on the left, is one of Arps i-drawings. Rectangles and squares with sharp lines and right angles are places adjacent one to the other in contrary to the Rectangles arranged according to the Laws of Change (pg.11), this collage looks more like a collage an architect would create well planned and placed fragments in basic colours. Its one of the first times where one sees the illustrations of text within Dada pa co. The letter i is placed in the centre of the collage catching ones attention, from the firs t glance.The Art Critic (image on the left), moves away from the graphic collages that Dada were concentrating on until the 1920s. The illustrated bright orange rear surface of the collage, gives a new feeling to the whole picture human forms are introduced with satiric elements. The man body is a different collage fragment to the out of scale head facial characteristics are exaggerated by the added sketches/doodles representing eyes, lips teeth etc. Part of a shoe on the forehead of the Frankensteins man and a large pen in his right hand, weapon like, add to the style of the collage. On the right a male figure appears through the newspaper cutting on a black and white photograph. A woman looks stunned by the large figure in the centre of the collage. Additional fragments taken from magazines are added to the whole creating a troublesome image.Even though collages and photomontages started to disappear during the surrealist era in Art, there are a few examples for such stylistic pap ier colles. Max Ernst was one of the most popular surrealist painters in the 1920s. Within his works, numerous collages can be found. By cutting and reorganising sentimental illustrations, surreal collages would make their appearance. Other artists, such as Dali were strongly connected with surrealist collages Dali would play with the observer. He did this in the way in which the fragment of his collages where placed together, he would confuse the observer about what was being viewed, where as what was actually being portrayed was different to what the eye would see.Dalis playful scene of brightly coloured elements consists of both painting and collage this technique has been seen before with Picassos Guitar, Music Sheet and Glass collage (pg. ). The rear surface of the Accommodations of Desire collage, is painted this would be separate to the lion heads which are glued on. The collage consists of nine incomplete lions heads and is tough in its suggestions. In the top centre of the collage a sexual scene is suggested, with a naked women and a man standing close to her.Photomontage did not make its official appearance till the First World War and the Dada movement, but there are many examples in the past, dating back as far as the Victorian era to prove that this technique was seen before. German word Montage means fitting, and explains exactly what a photomontage is, the fitting of multiple pictures/photographs together and creating a new image. Million Fox Talbot was one of the people associated with the invention of photography. He would experimented with his photographs, as any individual would when trying to invite something now, such as photography by placing tree leafs of the photographic plates, it would remind of some sort of photomontage In those days, without the invention of photographic paper, the photographic plates were reused and must have be well cleaned in order for the next photograph to be taken. By not cleaning the plates whilst taking a n ew photo, the result would look as if one image had been placed on the other. In this way, photomontage was beginning to appear. In this way they would experiment with multiple plates and effects. During the Victorian period, several examples of such experiments can be found. One of the most striking of its time, were the postcards portraying a human body with a different head.With the revival of Pop Art collages and photomontages were brought back to file. Pop Art Daddy, Richard Hamilton was strongly associated with those art motifs. A collage made from photographs or photograph parts is called a photomontage. At the time, for many people Pop Art was difficult era to be understood. The images portrayed in the Pop Art movement were generally seen in other context and individuals had problems embracing the new art form.In 1957 Hamilton defined Pop art as Popular (designed for a mass audience), Transient (short-term solution), Expendable (easily forgotten), Low cost, Mass production, Young (aimed at youth), Witty, Sexy, Gimmicky, Glamorous and self-aggrandising business.But Richard Hamilton found different ways in which he engaged the public with his art. His influence of Abstract Art was obvious in his works, which mostly consisted of collages and photomontages. The images used in order for him to produce a collage would have often been seen in other artistic works in the past but Hamilton would fake them and make look unique. One of the first examples in Pop Art and Hamiltons most famous collage / photomontage is Just what makes Todays Homes so Different, so Appealing.In howling(a) 1956, an art exhibition opened its doors to the public. The exhibition hearing after the name This is tomorrow, took place in the Whitechapel Art Gallery, in London. The aim of this exhibit was o present new ideas to the public rather to a certain group of people. These new ideas exhibited would accommodate new, exiting and futuristic aspects which were introduced in the everyday life of an individual. For example aspects of Cinema, Comic books, Pop music, Science fiction and even the unforgettable, sexy Merlin Monroe were present The exhibition was a space surrounded with playful resourcefulness, music and even some ignominious aspects which would make the public wonder about what Tomorrow would bring to their lifesRichard Hamiltons collage Just what makes Todays Homes so Different, so Appealing, was created for the purposes of advertising posters and catalogue for the exhibition. Even though the artwork, consisting if collage and photomontage was only creating for commercial use, it was one of which made the British Artist famousAs mentioned in the side text, Richard Hamilton would recycle work of others, or imagery seen elsewhere this is quite predictable, as collage can be alternatively described as a way of recycling imagery, text and photographs from other sources but in this particular example of the collage pictured above Just what makes Todays Ho mes so Different, so Appealing , the title itself is reused the original quat derives from an advert starting just what is it that makes todays homes so different, so appealing? Open planning of course and a bold use of colour. all components of the collage are taken from popular 1960s advertsThe rear surface of the collage had been originally seen in the advert for Armstrong floors company floor surface types the particular image was found in the Ladies Home Journal. Secondly, the young semi naked male, pictured holding a tennis racket, is the famous Irwin Zabo Koszewski, body builder. photograph taken from Tomorrows Man magazine. The woman sitting on the sofa at the rear right side of the artwork is believed to be artist Jo Bear. Opposite, on the left side, the element of the staircase accommodating a young female cleaner, was taken from the advertisement of the new, at the time, Constellation model of a hover. The painting / picture, which is hanging on the rear wall if the int erior pictured in the collage, Young Romance, is part of an advert in Young Love. Below there is a television produced be the Stromberg Carson company (1955). But not all the element accommodated within this collage are exactly cut and pasted in order to create this Pop image Richard Hamilton has modified certain parts, which without any hesitation contain a unloose meaning within them in order to make this more clear, the rug, behind the young bodybuilder is actually a blown up image of the Whitley speak Beach crowed lastly on the ceiling of the interior, the image of the solid ground emerges most probably this photograph is taken from the Life Magazine September 1955 edition.There may be different meanings hiding in this collage. But my personal view ion this artwork, is based on the promotion of the perfect home and family. During the period of the 1960s all was based on the visual aspects of life, new elements in the entertainment field of the public culture were been modifi ed and everything was surrounding the new popular and exiting cinema, magazines with shocking playful and many-sided imagery were incorporated in peoples daily routinesBased on the collage Just what makes Todays Homes so Different, so Appealing , I believe that the artist is trying to portray the Perfect couple. A young , hansom, muscular male, with a sexy, beautiful woman by his side elements of taking care if the physical body take of both parties are suggested through the element of the tennis racketNow there is the opportunity for the female to be the lady of the tin economical changes are suggested now cleaners can be hired to keep the house in its perfect / clean condition and women can start taking care of themselves.Photographs were a major inspiration for Hamilton works elements of advertising, film, photography, fashion, music, style, mass media, TV etc were always precent in his work. During the 60s R.Hamiltons works took on a more domestic feel. He was portraying int erior spaces which were very similar to the scene of a film set. Some would characterise his work ironic, but for Hamilton that was not the case. By applying in his work imagery seen in the wider public and mass media environment, he addressed a problem which the outside world was facing and at the same time he would picture its possible solution.Hamilton explained in 1968 One wasnt just concerned with a car and the idea of speed but with the way it was presented o us in the mass media presenting a glamorous object by all the devices that glamorous advertising can add. The Pop paintings are anthologies of the mechanics of visualisation.Maybe it is not only about the entrainment and the economical but also about the political changes taking place at the time women are becoming more important and have a say in different important matters every home should accommodate the newest designs of furniture and electrical facilities (TV, Hoover, Tape recorder)The perfect home sheltering the pe rfect couple The images of the earth on the ceiling of the interior may suggest that even in such a house, with all its fashionable and great conditions, it is actually what everyone feels within it our house is our worldAmerican, visual artist, Christian Marclay, concentrates on exploring the connections that may exist between music, sound and photography. He transforms sound into visual and physical form this is represented by video, photography, sculpture etc.One of Christian Marclays projects was the Body Mix Series (1991). The project consisted of several album covers, which were collaged in such a way, in which a whole new image immerged through the stitched together pictures. One of those Frankenstein images, named Doorsiana, consisted of six different covers, one of which was the face of Jim Morrison and Diana Rosss left arm, in connection with several other albums.Seliger It seems that from the start your work has always had a lot to do with collage, both in performance and with the objects.Marclay Yes. Ive always used found objects, images and sounds, and collaged them together, and tried to create something new and different with what was available. To be

Biological Positivism and Crime | Dissertation Proposal

Biological Positivism and Crime Dissertation ProposalIntroductionOur society has decided that firearm is a creature born of free leave. At the same time, our system recognises that attitudes may be influenced by environmental factors. (Taylor, 1984 9) Adults who engage in criminal in allot are seen as having values which are distorted by adverse environmental conditions. Guilt whence is premised upon the concept that everyone who commits an act does so out of an bore of free will. A somebody is exuberanty capable of not committing the act, should he or she so desire. (Taylor, 1984 10) This approach is referred to as the classicist approach.Classicists have achieved near-total supremacy in the recent years way outing in our criminal jurist system being founded upon the concept that criminal behaviour is the complete result of environmental influences, that it is invoke that shapes conduct. This has ca ingestiond our social institutions to attempt to correct deviant behaviou r through modification to environmental influences through prison and rehabilitation programmes.The number of offences recorded by the patrol in the UK between June 2012 and June 2013 is 3.7 million (Office for National Statistics, 2013). It needs to be questioned whether this horror level is the result of a troubled society or the result of a breakdown in the criminal justice system? Recidivism is still occurring with more(prenominal) than one in four criminals reoffending within a year of release (Ministry of Justice, 2013). A possible reason for this could be that the whole premise on which we base our criminal justice is defective.If this classicist premise is wrong accordingly it is no question that recidivism is continuing to happen and that as a society we are failing to eradicate crime. If the actual cause of crime is identified then(prenominal) there is the emf of eliminating crime, easing pain, and instilling common trust and security.Stephen Mobley had all the att ributes of a natural born killer. At the age of 25, he walked into a pizza store and throw the manager in the neck after robbing the till. Nobody could blame his upbringing he came from a white, middle-class Ameri tramp family and had not been abused as a child. In 1995 he was waiting on death row in Georgia to hear whether his appointment with the electric chair was confirmed. His lawyer tried to prayer that his murder was not the evil result of free will but the tragic consequence of a genetic predisposition. His aunt, a witness for the defence, testified that various members of their family everyplace the past four generations have been very violent, aggressive and criminal. She told the court how the Mobley family had had murder, rape, robbery, and suicide. His lawyer therefore argued that there is no legal defence to Mobleys crime. Mobleys family storey is an obvious mitigating factor and his actions may not have been a product totally of free will (Connor, 1995).To date, there has been little agreement that a persons biology has an influence on crime. Early biologic theorists such as Lombroso have been widely discredited mainly on the basis of a flawed methodology however the recent and more contemporary biological explanations of crime have been shown to more credible.This dissertation will explore contemporary biological ideas on crime the role of genetics. What if there are people that are genetically predisposed to commit crimes? Should they be held to estimate for their actions that may have been all beyond their control? In light of the apparent failures of our current criminal justice system, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the real causes of crime. Can we permit to ignore the possibility that criminal behaviour could be due to genetics?There is excessively the issue of how society should deal with the offender whose crime was genetically influenced? Society has decided that no psyche should be held accountable for acts performed when he or she is mentally incapacitated. We have the defence of insanity when people who have a disease of the mind commit crimes. It needs to be considered whether genetic aberration should be considered in mitigation of, or as a defence to, a criminal charge.Some would say that to accept the notion that criminals are born rather than made would be opening a gateway to a clean-living minefield causing other factors including society, unemployment, and upbringing to be ignored (Connor, 1995).General Research AimIt is the purpose of this dissertation to assess the relevance of biological incontroertibility in the modern society through way of literature analysis. I will briefly explore early biological theories such as those of Lombroso and his idea of a criminal man, moving on to discuss contemporary biological ideas the influence of a persons genetics on criminal behaviour. The question will explore the effectiveness of penalization and how biological ideas may ha ve influenced punishment by placing emphasis on the interference of offenders. Finally, the ethical implications surrounding the intervention model will be considered.Aims and ObjectivesIn order to successfully answer my research aim, a number of sub-questions must be consideredHow does society view crime?This dissertation begins by explaining why further research into the topic is essential. The main body of this dissertation will be introduced with a handling of how our society currently views crime is it a product of a persons biological influences, environmental influences, or a combination of the two?What is biological positivism?In order to assess the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society, I must first clarify what biological positivism actually is. I will explore early biological theories leading on to a discussion of contemporary biological ideas. Relevant case studies will be looked at to inspect the usefulness of these present day theories in explai ning crime and criminal behaviour.How has biological positivism affected punishment?The dissertation will then set off on to assess how these theories, previously discussed, have affected punishment. In order to do this I will first look to why we punish and what forms of punishment are currently used in the UK. Using reoffending statistics I will critically analyse the effectiveness of these current forms of punishment, leading on to a discussion about an alternative to punishment suggested by biological positivists The role of treatment.Is the treatment model effective?The effectiveness of the treatment model will then be evaluated. Consequently, emphasis on treatment over punishment carries huge ethical implications. These ethical implications will be discussed with an in depth exploration on the internalisation of the European Convention of Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998.Are there any proposals for change to the current criminal justice system which suggests a move towards the treatment of offenders?Finally, any proposals for change in the criminal justice system put forward by the Government will be discussed if they are of relevance to key points highlighted in this dissertation. Suggestions for future changes in the criminal justice system made by biological theorists will also be argued.ConclusionDespite the in-depth research there is still much debate on the true causes of crime. The central importance of identifying the causes of crime has been discussed through this dissertation. With some(prenominal) crime rates, and reoffending rates, being considerably high (Office for National Statistics, 2013 Ministry of Justice, 2013) it is vital that the causes of crime are identified, and individuals are therefore dealt with accordingly, in order for these figures to decrease.After researching into biological positivism, the use of biological theories in the current criminal justice system are identifiably lacking with more emphasis on environmental factors being seen as the causes of crime. A biosocial, multi-factor, approach has been formed over the recent years incorporating environmental, social, and biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009) nevertheless there seems to be an ignorance of biological factors.The aim of this dissertation was to identify the relevance of biological positivism in the modern society through an analysis of existing literature. The main focus of the research was to identify contemporary biological ideas, and then examine how they influenced punishment in the criminal justice system in England and Wales. Theses influences were then analysed in terms of effectiveness, with ethical issues after being questioned.Biological positivism is relevant in todays society. The research does not suggest that biological factors are the sole cause of criminal behaviour for every individual offender, but that it can have an influence on an individuals susceptibility to commit a crime ( Hopkins Burke, 2009). Environmental and social factors also later contribute to shape the offender.Early biological theories stemmed from the work of Lombroso. Although his work is largely discredited, he laid the foundation on which much more credible explanations could be formed. Research into contemporary biological explanations, including twins studies and hormones, has led to the conclusion that criminality in a minority of offenders is solely caused by biological factors (Hopkins Burke, 2009).Although these more contemporary biological ideas have been shown to be credible, this credibility does not seem to be reflected in the current criminal justice system. Biological positivists have favoured treatment over punishment as way of dealing with offenders (Cavadino and Dignan, 2007). This dissertation has recognised that emphasis is currently placed on punishment, and primarily, imprisonment. There have been many attempts over the years to adopt a treatment approach however, due to both financial and time-related restrictions, these attempts have been limited considerably.This limitation implies that sex offences are the only offences seen as a result of a biological defect in the offender. The rationale behind treatment being offered only to sex offenders however, is quite noticeably the result of some other reason sex offenders are the most despised group of offenders, even among other offenders and therefore there is an increased pressure on the criminal justice system to ensure that these offenders do not re-offend. Specialised treatment techniques such as chemical castration have therefore been true to deal with them (Miller, 1998).An implication of these findings, that a persons biology does have an effect on their susceptibility to commit crime, is that biological defects should be taken into account for all offenders and in turn, treatment should be offered to every individual offender despite costs. Although prison is used most commonly to punish offenders, and is arguably cheaper than treatment, abundant term costs are substantial. This suggests that it is more beneficial for the criminal justice system to invest in something that works to rehabilitate the offender and prevent them from reoffending, than to fall behind them preventing them from offending only on a short term basis. It is important that the cause of crime in each individual offender is identified and then dealt with accordingly.There have been numerous analyses of the treatment model in terms of ethical issues however authors of these analyses have either concluded that treatment violates all of the offenders rudimentary rights, or none of them (Miller, 1998). The analysis of these ethical issues through this dissertation has led to the conclusion that the current forms of treatment, offered on a voluntary basis, are not in breach of offenders rights under the European Convention on Human Rights. There is an underlying issue of discrimination however, u nder article 14 ECHR, as it can be argued that treatment offered only to sex offenders is discriminating it is discriminating for sex offenders, and also discriminating for those offenders that are not offered treatment.By offering treatment to all offenders it will ensure that any biological influences to crime in offenders can be addressed, and then treated. It has been earlier identified that not all offenders have a biological predisposition, but for those offenders that do, it may rehabilitate the individual and prevent reoffending. In response to this, article 14 ECHR and the prohibition of discrimination may not be as much of a concern. To offer treatment to all offenders would be a step towards removing this cause of discrimination. Other ethical issues surrounding treatment, including informed and legitimate consent, and off-label drugs, have also been addressed in this dissertation, and have been seen to be justified.RecommendationsIt has been identified that research in to twin studies, in particular monozygotic twins, is the most credible in terms of ascertaining the influence of genetics on criminal behaviour. It is therefore recommended that if it were possible to locate a representative sample of monozygotic twins who satisfied observational conditions, being separated at birth and growing up in different environments, then the true extent of how much influence our genes have on criminal behaviour can be determined.The criminal justice system must recognise that other offences, not only sex offences, can be the result of a genetic defect and consequently treatment should be offered to all offenders.Treatment drawn should be appropriate for the offender, and offered on a voluntary basis in order to avoid potential ethical issues. To ensure consent is free, informed and valid, offenders should be assessed to ensure they have the mental capacity to give consent, and to ensure they are aware of all risks involved. Although long term effects are u nknown, as long as the offender is aware of the uncertainty then informed consent is not an issue. Drugs should also be licensed for the purpose of treating offenders. More rigorous testing is needed using double-blind randomised trials along with full medical tests prior to, during and after treatment (Harrison, 2008).Genetic aberrations should be considered as a mitigating factor with consideration given to biological influences on the offender when sentencing.

Proteins Therapy for Drug Discovery

Proteins Therapy for Drug DiscoveryProteins ar around dynamic and diverse macromolecules in our body, thus numerous functionally distinct proteins hold enormous promise for the development of new therapeutics for a variety of human ailments which contain mutated or other abnormal proteins, or those in an abnormally high or low concentration. However, the clinical application of protein therapeutics is still in its infancy since the poor physicochemical stability of proteins in the circulation and their limited membrane permeability interrupt successful actors line to the target sites. This review discusses advantages and limitations of current strategies, as salutary as the recent developments in protein delivery using nanoparticles. We to a fault highlight nanoparticle-mediated alternative administration routes to injection, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, and transdermal delivery.Keywords nanoparticles, protein delivery, protein therapeutics, administration routes, drug deli very systemsIntroductionWith the strong ingathering in biopharmaceuticals and advanced drug delivery technologies in recent years, pharmaceutical companies are increasingly turning toward protein therapeutics in the search for drug discovery targets. A study by BCC Research indicated that the global market for bioengineered protein drugs was valued at $151.9 billion in 2013 and the market is further expected to grow to about $222.7 billion in 2019 for a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.2% from 2014 through 2019 1. Compared with the conventional small-molecule drugs that currently make up the majority of the pharmaceutical market, protein drugs offer the advantages of high specificity and less toxicity, w hereas the high specificity often requires structural complexity of the proteins which can make them difficult to formulate, as well as challenging to deliver proteins to target disease sites. Nanotechnology-based approaches, including drug delivery systems using nanostruc tures such(prenominal) as liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, and nanofabricated devices, has improved therapeutics in the field of biomedical applications 2,3. This review describes current protein delivery technologies including those in the market, recent progress, and unmet needs in the formulations and delivery of proteins. The advances in nanotechnology reviewed here highlight that major hurdles in protein delivery can be met even through the patient-friendly, non-invasive routes.Progress and challenges in protein deliveryTo achieve successful protein therapeutics, the infixed characteristics of proteins such as structural instability and short half life should be improved by invention appropriate protein delivery weapons platforms. Inadequate design or formulation of protein drugs can cause degradation, denaturation, and/or aggregation of the protein molecules, and these could potentially cause immunogenic side effect s after administration as well as contribute to a press release in pharmacological activity. Effective intracellular protein delivery also remains a challenge as hydrophilic and large sizes of proteins are hardly permeated through the cell membrane. In this section, current technologies to deliver proteins, including intracellular delivery strategies, and their limitations will be discussed.Current protein formulations and modificationsBiodegradable microparticles (1-1000 m) are attractive agnatic depot formulations for long-term protein drug release (from week to month). They enable sustained release of the proteins by both the diffusion of proteins from the polymer matrix and the degradation/erosion of the polymer 4,5. The most widely used material for the encapsulation of proteins is poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), as they are mechanically strong, biocompatible, biodegradable with favorable degradation rates, non-toxic, and ratified for use in humans by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 6. Encapsulation of proteins into the microparticles can be prepared by several methods such as double emulsion, which is most widely used technique, signifier separation (coacervation), ultrasonic atomization, spray-drying, microfluidics, etc. 7. Once the proteins are encapsulated into microparticles, their release kinetics depend on the microparticle size, molecular mass of polymer, ratio of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, polydispersity of microparticle size, and loading amount of proteins. Generally, bigger size of microparticles lead to more prolonged protein release, but they can cause potential blockage of the needle required for administration, also the stability and bioactivity of the released proteins in the physiological condition need to be considered for long-term delivery. Degradation and erosion of PLGA can lower the pH inside the microparticles, which can further bring denaturation of the protein as well as aggregate formation. Currently, t here are few microparticle drug delivery formulations (e.g. Trelstar depot) on the market and several(a) microparticles have been designed for therapeutic protein delivery such as bone morpho ancestral protein-2 8, insulin 9, recombinant human epidermal growth factor 10, and recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) 11.Proteins smaller than 70 kDa are mostly cleared from the systemic circulation by glomerular filtration 12. Chemical modification of proteins with hydrophilic polymers can reduce this renal clearance by increasing their molecular weight and/or hydrodynamic dynamic radius. The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains to proteins (PEGylation), as a typical example, elevates protein stability and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, and the benefits of PEGylation have the PEGylated therapeutic proteins have reached the market with many examples on various stages of clinical development including Naloxegol (MovantikTM AstraZeneca) which was approved by FDA in 201 4 for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation 13,14. Hyperglycosylation can also extend biological half-life and improve stability by improving solubility of proteins and reducing immunogenicity. The addition of sugar molecules to a protein is more natural surgical procedure than PEGylation since it is already a part of endogenous post-translational enzymatic process as well as polysaccharides are readily degraded into native glucose molecules 15. N-glycosylated EPO (Aranesp) is marketed by Amgen from 2001, and there are more glycosylated protein drugs under preclinical and clinical investigating such as polysialylated forms of EPO, granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (G-CSF), and insulin 16. Although the chemical modification provides the prolonged circulation half-life of the proteins, this approach can result in unfavorable conformational changes, a loss of biological activity and binding affinity to their target due to steric hindrance, and heterogeneity 17. This reduct ion in physicochemical properties leads to the systemic exposure of proteins to get enough pharmacological potency, but toxicities related to peak exposure can limit their clinical use. Various efforts aiming for the maintenance of protein activity are being made by designing site-specific modification. For example, chemical ligation of synthetic peptides including levulinyllysine to EPO indicated superior hematopoietic activity compared to native protein 18. More recent advances in chemoselective targeting show that the incorporation of canonical and noncanonical amino acids can enhance the selectivity, while improving PEG architecture 19.In addition to chemical modification, genetic constructs and fusion technologies have been intensively studied to elevate protein half-life and delivery efficacy. Fc-based fusion proteins that are composed of an immunoglobin Fc land and genetically linked therapeutic protein to this domain are promising approaches as Fc-fusion can endow a protein with singular effector functions mediated by Fc receptor binding and complement fixation 20. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediated recycling and transcytosis process results in half-life multiplication (e.g. IgG up to 21 days) and also the increased molecular weight of fusion proteins through the size of the Fc-domain (50 kDa) reduces renal clearance 21. A deem of therapeutic proteins based on fusion with the IgG Fc domain are on the market for clinical use since Fc-fused tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-2 (Enbrel Amgen/Pfizer) was approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and plaque psoriasis in 1998, and several candidates are currently under clinical trials 22. Recent Fc-fusion platforms focus on the ways to retain biological activity and binding affinity which can be commonly decreased after fusion process 23,24. Jung et al. included a chaperone protein in Toll-like receptor 4 Fc-fusion to stabilize the desired partner 25. The development of heterodimeric Fc platforms based on strand-exchange engineered domain CH3 heterodimers consisted of alternating segments of human IgA and IgG CH3 shows multiple specificities within homodimeric Fc-fusion platform 26. To utilize alternative backbones, such as IgA, IgE, and IgM, may also serve benefits to the activity of the fused partner 27-29. However, concerns are ongoing about the immunogenicity of Fc-fusion proteins because interactions between the Fc domain and its receptors have multivariable immunological consequences, which can raise concerns in the treatment for chronic disease 30. Other attempts to target FcRn including albumin fusion which has direct interaction with FcRn and genetic engineering of Fc domains have also been reported. A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) albumin fusion achieved 5 day half-life and received FDA-approval (Albiglutide GSK) for the treatment of type-2 diabetes 31. A recombinant polypeptide fusion construct which consists of an shapeless polypeptide and protein drug is another example of generic fusion technology capable of extending plasma half-life. Schellenberger et al. developed an exenatide-XTEN fusion and demonstrated 58 times increased half-life and a low rate of immunogenicity in animals, even in the presence of the adjuvant 32. Still, issues remain in safety of fusion approaches, in particular in the case of fusions with native human proteins because of the cross-reactivity with endogenous homologues which can affect on a long-term safety and clearance of subsequent doses 33.

A Gangster Turns Writer :: Free Essay Writer

A GANGSTETR TURNES WRITERThere was a kid named Tony Davidson who lived in Italy, Tonys dad had a very powerful gang in Italy and everybody knew who they were. If youre having any problems Ill fix them. Said Tonys dad. Tony however didnt like rage he thought that all things could be handled peacefully. However everyone at school was afraid of him. They always bought him presents, gave him money because they knew if they didnt they would the price. Tony never asked for any of it though. All he wanted was real friends, not friends that just use him to be on his dads good side. Everyone was too scared to tell the Italian police because if they did they and their families would be in trouble. Until one day one barefaced man told an officer at the train station. A person who was at the station at the time quickly told Tonys dad.We must move to America. Tonys dad told Tony. Fine lets go said Tony. So they got on their private which they stole from a rich Italian family, just for the fr ee rein of it and moved to America.It was still summer in America so school had not yet started. Tony, Tonys dad, and the gang all knew English from when they took lessons in Italy.In the high school in which Tony was to be attending there was a-lot of mean people who were jealous and beat you up just for fun. In Italy Tony heard that American schools were bad and didnt teach you anything except for stupid stuff. However when Tony arrived at his school he realized this was not true.However what was true was that people kept making fun of him for no good reason. They were all jealous of his first day outfit he had on a Gucci suit, with Prada shoes, and a Louis Vuitton backpack. Everybody messed up all his clothes and when he told his principal, the principal said neither Sorry I dont like nor help Italians.Tony almost started crying when his dad came to disperse him up in a Ferrari a kid threw an egg at the car. Tonys dad got out of the car and beat the kid up. The kid was hurt so badly he was put in a wheelchair. Dad why did you do that? Violence is wrong said Tony. No it isnt violence is good said his dad.

Coal Mining Essay -- Economy Economics Energy Resources Essays

Coal Mining Coal, a mineral I have discussed previously, is necessary to our everyday lives. Coal is an incredible source of vigor it heats our houses and buildings, and also fuels stoves. You may often wonder where this extremely useful mineral comes from. Coal does not just appear it needs to be mined by a process which results in our being able to utilize it. Coal mining is fairly inexpensive, is carried out on a large scale and tush be mined in either underground or come out of the closet mines.Surface mining is the coal mining process that accounts for around 60% of the get together States coal. It tends to be very efficient, with a single worker recovering up to 30 to 40 tons of coal in a day. To begin surface mining coal, a drill must first probe the area to be mined in order to determine the depth of the coal as well as the overburden which lies on top of the coal. Bulldozers are then utilize to strip away the topsoil, which is then put into piles and later step in the stripped areas of earth. Next, large, even enormous equipment called draglines are used to remove more and more of the overburden, as the stripping becomes deeper and deeper. After this process, machines called track-dozers fracture the coal, making it possible for cranes or bulldozers to scoop out the coal and transport it to crushers. Now, the topsoil that was set aside at the beginning is replaced. This process is called reclamation. The mined areas can then be used for a variety of things from parks to f...