The Alternative Floor Polisher

â€Å"Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor Polisher† RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND In present times, every establishment always use floor polishers for it may look presentable and fabulous to walk on. They are using commercialized floor polishers which are made from synthetic ingredients which has a bad door. Since it uses petroleum as it's basis it is also flammable which makes it dangerous to human health and may cause some hazards like fires. There are many advocacies promoting environment preservation and restoration. This may help in these advocacies.Because the main ingredient was just soap banana peel so that will lessen the production of biodegradable garbage. Many articles and pamphlets say that banana peel is effective in shining and smoothening surfaces like shoes made up of leather. The product will cost lesser than those of commercial because only the tools and some additives are need to be bought, so we can assume convenience to those who will buy our product. Therefor e we can conclude that this research will/ maybe be a huge success and buyers will surely be satisfied on what will be the performance of the said product.It may also emit the old tradition of just throwing banana peel instead they can collect it and donate for us to transform it into a more useful and effective product which happen to be the banana floor polisher. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main problem of this proposed study is to test the effectiveness of Banana Peel as an alternative floor polisher. Specifically it attempts to answer the following research questions: 1. Is banana peel as an alternative floor polisher effective? 2. What are the qualities of banana peel to be an alternative floor polisher? . What is the significant difference between the qualities and effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher and the commercialized floor polisher? 4. What are the advantages of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher? 5. What is the average amount of bana na peel to make an alternative floor polisher? HYPOTHESIS Based on the research questions identified, the researchers formulated the following null hypothesis. 1. There is no effectiveness of Banana Peel as floor wax or an alternative floor polisher. 2.There are no qualities of banana peel to be an alternative floor polisher. 3. There is no significant difference between the qualities and effectiveness of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher and the commercialized floor polisher. 4. There are no advantages of banana peel as an alternative floor polisher. 5. There is no average amount of banana peel to polish a 1m2 floor area. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable Effectiveness of Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor PolisherTypes of Banana Peel to be used Banana Peel Amount of Banana Peel to be used as an Alternative Floor Polisher Control Variable Paradigm of the independent, dependent, intervening and control variables on the eff ectiveness of Banana Peel as an Alternative Floor Polisher. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY These days, all establishments like houses, stores, apartments and others have these kinds of floor which are needed to be shine and polish to make it presentable and clean. Nowadays, many buildings are being constructed such s schools, factories, municipalities, offices, churches and etc. It is good to have a building if the floor is smooth to walk on. The significance of this study is to help lessen the buying the expensive floor polishers. Banana peel as an alternative floor polisher will help people especially the one who is cleaning their houses especially the floorings which are need to be shine or polish. These past few years, cleaning materials and products are so expensive to buy from stores and groceries to lessen the money we spend on commercialized floor polishers.We will make or use a natural floor polisher that is made up of natural ingredients. This study will be the answer to common cleaning problems. Banana Peel as an alternative floor polisher will be the nature's answers to the common problems. Banana peel as an alternative floor polisher is good to your health not like the commercialized floor polisher that is made up of chemical substances that can harm your health. This product is cheap and eco-friendly. In making this product, materials are easy to find and it will not damage our environment.

Solder Joint In Electronic Engineering Essay

Electronic makers throughout the universe have a long history of utilizing lead-based solders. These solders have proven to be cost effectual and high reliable, and are solidly integrated into fabricating methods and procedures. Driven by statute law chiefly in the European Union i.e. WEE, RoHS, EEE Directives, makers are concrete the manner for taking lead solder from all electronics assemblies. However, the credence of nonleaded solder posses many draw dorsums. Conversion to RoHS ( Restriction of Hazardous Substance ) compliant parts must include the full merchandise development and fabrication procedure. To electronics makers, one of the most of import facets in the procedure is guaranting the nonleaded solder articulation dependability is equal to or greater than that of their current leaded solder composings. Manufacturers are working independently to formalize dependability for their nonleaded electronic constituents and systems. Likewise, industry organisations and other research workers have developed proof plans that attempt to understand failure mechanism associated with nonleaded merchandises, generate dependability acceleration theoretical accounts, and predict the dependability of nonleaded solder articulations. Several theoretical accounts of lead free solder articulation dependability non mature plenty yet to enable alone demand of aerospace and military intent. Several factors affect solder articulation dependability, i.e. portion geometry, solder drosss, and external environmental emphasiss. Rapid thermic cycling has been an effectual environmental stimulation capable of bring oning weariness on solder articulations, peculiarly with stuffs holding mismatched thermic enlargement coefficients. Mechanically induced quiver is another external emphasis that efficaciously evaluates solder joint dependability. Thermal cycling can bring forth high supplanting emphasiss at low rhythm frequences, whereas mechanical quiver can supply low supplanting emphasiss at high frequences and high rhythm counts. A peculiar type of trial equipment and methodological analysis capable of using a combination of rapid thermic cycling and quiver is Highly Accelerated Life Testing ( HALT ) . Circuit boards range from simple individual moulded plastic boards with Cu music directors on one or both sides to multilayer boards with Cu music directors, each bed being separated by a insulator and interconnected by metal music directors. Minimum line breadth and spacing between lines is less than 100 A µm. The board typically is made from a composite such as an epoxy with superimposed sheets of woven fiberglass. The dielectric stuff between beds of music directors is normally a polymer, for illustration polyimide. To keep solder ability, the exposed Cu may be coated with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder greatcoat. Components are attached to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be farther protected against wet, taint, and mechanical harm by a screen coat. ( Steinberg D,1988 )1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILURESolder articulations widely used in the electronic packaging industry to bring forth good electri cal, thermic, and mechanical connexions between the bundle and the printed circuit board. Twenty per centums of the mechanical failure in airborne and mechanization electronic cause by quiver and daze. Design appropriate step to guarantee the survival equipment in the daze and quiver environment is necessary to make so. Staying 80 per centum of mechanical failure related to thermic emphasiss ensuing from high thermic gradients, coefficient of thermic enlargement and high coefficient of snap. Solder joint failure occurs in several grounds: Poor design of the solder articulation A bad solder articulation intervention Solder stuff Excessive emphasis applied to solder articulations. In general, nevertheless, the solder articulation failures are merely graded harmonizing to the nature of emphasis that have caused. Most joint failure falls into three major classs: Fatigue failure due to cyclic emphasis application Due to the execution of a long term or lasting burden The emphasis is due to overloading in the short term Reflow profile besides has a important function on solder articulation reliablity. Because It besides has a high influence micro construction of the solder articulation. Vibration failure of solder articulations is assessed for dependability utilizing high accelerated life trial, which is represented by a GRMS- clip curve. For surface saddle horse microelectronic constituents, an estimate of printed circuit board ( PCB ) theoretical account analysis can be made by presuming PCB as a bare unpeopled thin home base because the addition in stiffness of PCB due to the climb of the constituents is about offset by the addition in entire mass of the populated PCB. However, this estimation can direct to mistakes in natural frequence computation for different bundle profiles, for flip-chip-on-board ( FCOB ) and plastic-ball-grid-array ( PBGA ) assemblies. When the constituent has little profile, the estimate of PCB assembly as a bare PCB can supply acceptable average analysis consequences because the stiffness and mass part of little constituent to PCB assembly is non considerable. In this trial, changing GRMS-level random quiver trial for PCB assemblies were conducted. In order to cipher the dependability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to carry on the dynamic analysis.1.3 PROJECT PURPOSEIn this modern universe due to the causes of wellness and environmental issues the electronic fabrication industries confronting a challenging job of necessity to bring forth dependable solder merchandises in really high denseness with really low cost. Solder articulations are really of import to the dependability of Printed Circuit Boards ( PCB ) . This is a 1 of the taking factor in transmittal of electrical and thermic connexions. In instance of every PCB even a smaller solder articulations are really of import. So this undertaking investigates the Effect of quiver on solder articulation dependability in electronics assembly applications. Solder articulation of an electronic assembly is really of import measuring because of this theoretical account based survey might assist applied scientists efficaciously better the PCB mechanical design and therefore better dependability of electronics attached to the PCB by sing practical uncertainnesss and inauspicious quiver environments. This experiment attempted to research the usage of HALT to measure the dependability of solder articulations. For this trial, samples of PCB ‘s arranged and tested on an Environmental testing chamber. The trial program included a response where, as samples become displaced from the printed circuit board ( PCB ) , . In add-on, a solder joint life distribution would be bring forthing depicting comparative public presentation between Sn95.5/Ag4.0/Cu0.5 vs. Sn42Bi57Ag1 solder paste. The consequence of this trial did non bring forth the sequence of failures necessary to be after the life informations ; nevertheless the procedure of proving revealed near by into the application of HALT as a technique to contrast the public presentation of PCB soldered constituents. ( Steinberg D,1988 ) The overall research methodological analysis that has been followed during the undertaking is illustrated in Figure 1.1. There are six distinguishable stairss: Literature Survey, Project Planning, Design of Experiments, Experimental work, Analysis of consequence and Conclusion, and Documentation and Presentation. Literature Survey Design of Experiments Undertaking planning Experimental Work Analysis of Results and Conclusion Documentation and Presentation Figure 1.1: Undertaking MethodologyChapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTINGDynamic warps of stuffs caused by quiver can do jobs and malfunctions including failed electrical constituents, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, cracked or broken constructions, inordinate electrical noise, electrical trunkss, chafed wiring. Because sine quiver represent largely a certain cardinal frequence and the harmonics of that cardinal, in its pure province, this type of quiver is generated by a limited important figure of beginnings. Expressed as amplitude versus frequence, sine quiver is the type of quiver generated in the field by beginnings such as engine rotational velocities, propellor and turbine blade transition frequences, rotor blade transition and launch vehicles. While much of â€Å" existent universe † quiver is random, sine quiver proving accomplishes several of import ends in merchandise ability and proving. Much stuff and completed merchandise was modelled on some type of sine quiver signature. A sine expanse of frequences will reason whether the premises were right and if the divergences are considerable plenty to do design alterations. In other words, expanse will set up if the imagined frequence has been met and/or discovers the trial point cardinal frequence. Similarly, a expanse will assist place the trial capable resonance frequences, which may be the points at which the point experiences peculiarly nerve-racking warps. Some of the undermentioned trials include fixed frequence at higher degrees of the commanding variable ( displacement, speed, acceleration ) , and random quiver. Another typical sinusoidal quiver trial, sine explosion such as the teardrop, goes quickly to top out pulsation and so decays at lower rate ( to forestall harm to the unit ) . The burst trial puts a maximal burden into an object at a rapid rate and peculiarly emphasiss articulations and seams to place craft and design issues.2.2 RANDOM VIBRATION TESTINGThe genuineness of random quivers an effectual tool of testing craft defects came about during fabrication. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during dependability proving. Pure sinusoidal quiver is composed of a individual frequence at any given clip. Comparisons trials revealed that to be the effectivity of random quiver. The trial point will hold to be subjected to many sine frequences over a longer period of clip, and may by happenstance weariness the trial point. Random quivers undercover defect faster. Another fluctuation would be a swept sine on random trial. In random quiver nevertheless, all frequences happening at the same time. Because of this, random quiver analysis normally performed over a big scope of frequences, say from 20Hz to 2000Hz. Research workers are non looking at a specific frequence, specific minute in clip or specific anything else ; They are statistically looking at a construction response to a given random quiver environment. Decidedly be cognizant about any natural frequences that cause a big random response at any open frequence degree, but largely all the experiments taking the overall response of the construction. Random quiver analysis looks at random accelerations or forces over a scope of frequences, which we call the frequence sphere. ( These random inputs are merely sustained over a period of clip, but are non time-dependent ; i.e. , the longer the period of clip, the better the statistical sampling in the frequence sphere. ) The scope of frequences is called a spectrum. Therefore, this is called by Spectral Density. Normally, if accelerations consider in trial, for that Acceleration Spectral Density ( ASD ) have to utilize.2.3 SINE ON RANDOM VIBRATION TESTINGVibration sine on random testing is executing by superposing a sine moving ridge on top of a random environment. A sine on random quiver trial replaces the combined environment of a spinning chopper blade with its distinguishable resonant degrees and the remainder of the aircraft which generates random engine and aerodynamic induced quiver. Gunfire on board an aircraft causes sine quiver while the remainder of the aircraft generates random excitements. These types of trials are doubling quiver Characterized by dominant extremums ( sinusoids ) superimposed on a broadband background. 2.4 Real WORLD SIMULATION. Most quiver in existent universe is random for illustration a vehicle traveling over route feels random quiver from the route abnormalities. Land launched projectile vehicles exposed to non stationary quiver during its flight, the motor ignites the projectile travel through the ambiance, the motor burn terminals and so forth even in flying when subjected to turbulent air flow, undergoes random quiver. Random quiver is composed of battalion of continues spectrum of frequences. Movement varies indiscriminately with clip. It can be accessible in the sphere by a power spectral denseness map [ G2/Hz ] .2.5 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING ( HALT )HALT involve quiver proving in all three axes with a random manner of frequences. at last, HALT proving can include the real-time cycling of multiple environmental variables, for illustration, temperature cycling plus quiver testing. This multi-variable proving attack provides a closer appraisal of real-world operating environments. Unlike usual testing, the end of HALT proving is to interrupt the specimen. When the merchandise fails, the weakest point is recognized, so applied scientists know closely what demands to be done to develop merchandise quality. After a merchandise has failed, the weak constituents are upgrade or toughened. The revised specimen is so subjected to an extra unit of ammunition of HALT proving, with the scope of temperat ure, quiver, or floor further increased, so the merchandise fails once more. This identify the following weakest point. By traveling through several proving like this, the merchandise can be made rather strong. With This familiar attack, merely the weak musca volitanss are identified for betterment. This type of proving supply so much information about the assembly and public presentation of a merchandise, that it can be rather supportive for newer applied scientists assigned to a merchandise which they are non wholly familiar. HALT proving must be performed during the design period of a merchandise to build the basic design is dependable. But it is indispensable to observe that the units being tested are likely to be hand-made technology paradigm. At suggestion, we have found that HALT proving should besides be performed on existent industry units, to guarantee that the passage from technology design to production design has non resulted in a loss of merchandise quality or hardiness. Some applied scientists may see this attack as scientifically sensible, but economically impractical. though, the cost of HALT proving is much a lesser sum of than the cost of field failures.2.6 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING ( HASS )HASS testing is an ongoing showing trial, performed on usual production units. Here, the thought is non to damage the merchandise, but instead to verify that existent industry units continue to run decently when subjected to the cycling of ecological factors used during the HASS trial. The bounds used in HASS proving are based on a skilled probe of the HALT proving parametric quantities. The importance of HASS proving can be suited when 1 considers today ‘s typical production scenario. Natural stuffs are purchased from a seller who uses stuffs purchased from other sellers. Components and sub-assemblies are obtained from makers all over the universe. The finishing gathering of the merchandise is performed by a subcontractor. This manner that the quality of the concluding merchandise is a function of the quality of all the constituents, stuffs, and procedures which are a portion of that concluding merchandise. These constituents, stuffs, and procedures c an and make alter over clip, in that manner impacting the worth and dependability of the concluding merchandise. The best manner to guarantee that fiction units continue to run into dependability aims is through HASS testing.2.7 RELIABILITYDependability is definite as the chance that a device will execute its required map under stated conditions for a exact period of clip. predict with some grade of Confidence is really dependent on right specifying a figure of parametric quantities. For case, taking the sharing that matches the information is of primary importance. If a right distribution is non chosen, the consequences will non be dependable. The confidence, which depends on the sample size, must be adequate to do right determinations. Individual element failure rates must be based on a big adequate population and of import to truly reflect present twenty-four hours normal uses. There are experimental considerations, such as influential the incline of the failure rate and cipherin g the activation power, every bit good as ecological factors, such as temperature, humidness, and quiver. eventually, there are electrical stressors such as electromotive force and current. Dependability technology can be slightly conceptual in that it involves much statistics ; yet it is technology in its most reasonable signifier. Will the design execute its proposed mission? Product dependability is seen as a grounds to the stamina of the design every bit good as the unity of the category and fabricating committednesss of an societies. One of the rudimentss of understanding a merchandise ‘s dependability requires an apprehension of the estimation of the failure rate. The conventional method of finding a merchandise ‘s failure rate is through the usage of accelerated quiver runing life trials perform on a sample of Devicess. The failure rate obtained on the life trial sample is so extrapolated to end-use fortunes by agencies of prearranged numerical theoretical accounts to give an appraisal of the failure rate in the field application. even though there are many other emphasis methods engaged by electronic assembly makers to to the full separate a merchandise ‘s dependability, the informations generated from operational life trial sampling is the major method used by the production for gauging the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service.Failure Rate ( I » )Measure of failure per unit of clip. The utile life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases somewhat over early life, so stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increasing failure rate. This should happen beyond utile life.Failure In Time ( FIT )Measure of failure rate in 109 device hours ; e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours.Entire Device Hours ( TDH )Th e summing up of the figure of units in operation multiplied by the clip of operation.Average Time between failures ( MTBF )Dependability is quantified as MTBF ( Average Time Between Failures ) for repairable merchandise and MTTF ( Average Time To Failure ) for non-repairable merchandise. A right apprehension of MTBF is of import. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does non intend that the N = Number of units under trial. If the MTBF is known, one can cipher the failure rate as the opposite of the MTBF. The expression for ( I » ) is: where R is the figure of failures. Once a MTBF is calculated, chance can deduce from following equation:R ( T ) = e-t/MTBFConfidence Level or Limit ( CL )Probability degree at which population failure rate estimations are derived from sample life trial. The upper assurance degree interval is used.Acceleration Factor ( AF )A changeless derived from experimental informations which relates the times to failure at two different emphasiss. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated trial conditions to utilize conditions. Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate.The Bathtub CurveThe life of a population of units can be divided into three distinguishable periods. Figure 1 shows the dependability â€Å" bathtub curve † which theoretical accounts the cradle to sculpt instantaneous failure rates vs. clip. If we follow the incline from the start to where it begins to flatten out this can be considered the first period. The first period is characterized by a decreasing failure rate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units die off go forthing a population that is more strict. This first period is besides called baby mortality period. The following period is the level part of the graph. It is called the normal life. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this clip. It is hard to foretell which failure manner will attest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice the changeless incline. The 3rd period begins at the point where the incline begins to increase and extends to the terminal of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and get down to fail at an increasing rate.Figure 2.1 bath bath curveReliability Predictions MethodsA batch of clip has been spent on developing processs for gauging dependability of electronic equipment. There are by and large two classs: ( 1 ) anticipations based on single failure rates, and ( 2 ) demonstrated dependability based on operation of equipment over clip. Prediction methods are based on constituent informations from a assortment of beginnings: failure analysis, life trial informations, and device natural philosophies. For some computations ( e.g. military application ) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard dependability anticipation method. A simple failure rate computation based on a individual life trial would follow equation 1. I »iˆ = failure rate. TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under emphasis. AF = Acceleration factor, Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate where, I » = failure rate in FITs ( Number fails in 109 device hours ) I? = Number of distinguishable possible failure mechanisms K = Number of life trials being combined eleven = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism I = 1, 2, †¦ I? TDHj = Total device hours of trial clip for life trial J, J = 1, 2, †¦ K AFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism, I = 1, 2, †¦ K M = I §2 ( I ± , 2r +2 ) / 2 where, I §2 = qi square factor for 2r + 2 grades of freedom R = entire figure of failures ( I? xi ) I ± = hazard associated with CL between 0 and 1.2.2 SOLDER PASTERole Of Solder Paste In ReflowingSolder paste is a combination mixture of a flux composing and a extremely grinded, powdered solder metal metal that is usually used in the electronics industry to soldering procedures. And besides it is call as a attachment medium between the device interconnectedness characteristics and the PCB itself. The constituents of a solder paste are specially designed for first-class printing and reflow features. In normal instance of the surface saddle horse soldering procedure involves puting the substrate and a little sum of solder paste in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heated until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connexion between the solder tablet and the electrical contact of electronics portion. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connexion between the electronics constituents and the printed circuit board.Selection Criteria Of A Solder PasteChoice of a solder paste is really of import factor for reflowing procedure, dependability & A ; its quality. The undermentioned factors are considerable for a good solder paste [ 6 ] . The size of the solder metal atoms which are in the solder paste The inclination to organize nothingnesss The belongingss of the flux medium of the solder paste Alpha atom emanation rate The design of the stencil to be used for publishing Thermal belongingss of the solder paste Electrical belongingss of the solder pasteChapter 03MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY3.1SOLDER PasteThe inside informations of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the undermentioned tabular arrayPCB noAlloy1 & A ; 2 Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 3 & A ; 4 Sn42Bi57Ag1 Table 3.1. types of solder paste used in experiment For this undertaking all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and designation on it to separate it from the Tin – lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a icebox between 35 – 45F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimal four hours before making the solder paste printing. Once it has finished the utilizing solder paste must replace to the icebox since it can non be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be cut downing from the typical six month. The above guidelines are purely followed in this undertaking. Because it is non merely for warrant the quality of solder paste but besides a good manner to cut down the mistakes that may impact the concluding consequences of the undertaking.3.2 SOLDER PASTE PrintingImportant of Solder Paste PrintingSurface mount engineering ( SMT ) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface saddle horse constituents are potentially more dependable merchandises can be designed and manufactured utilizing the SMT. The solder paste stencil publishing procedure is really critical and of import measure in the surface saddle horse manufacting procedure. Most of all the bonding defects are due to jobs covering with the showing procedure. Stencil printing procedures have major cautiousnesss in operation and put up stairss. When we are supervising these factors carefully we can minimise the defects. The chief intent of publishing solder paste on PCB is to provide solder metal to solder joint to rectify sum. That merely publish must be aligned right and can acquire a perfect constituent arrangement.Printing Procedure ParametersSome of the undermentioned parametric quantities are really of import to publishing procedure. Stencil Stencils are utilizing for the solder paste slip easy off the aperture edges and thereby secures a unvarying print. For this procedure we utilizing electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have really shape border and somewhat conelike. By and large a stencil is mading from cuppa or Ni. ENVIRONMENTAL Dust and soil from the air that will make the PCBs and stencils can be defects hapless wet ability in the reflow bonding procedure. So PCBs should be stored in certain bundles and cleaned before usage. SOLDER PASTE Solder paste characterise must be controlled to accomplish a maximal production consequences. Some of the factors are given below [ 12 ] . Percentage of metal Viscosity Slump Solder balls Flux activity working life and shelf lifeSolder Paste Printing Equipment and ProcessStencil printing parametric quantities are really of import factors in publishing procedures to accomplish a best output. The undermentioned parametric quantities must be proctors and controlled in a printing procedure. Squeegee force per unit area = 8kg Squeegee speed = 20 mm/s Separation speed = 100 % Printing spread = 0.0 millimeter These factors and bound can be adjust for our undertaking intent Figure 3.1 DEK 260 stencil printing machine The DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to publish solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two chief maps. Registers the place of the merchandise screen with in the print caput Positioning the circuit board below the stencil, to cook for the print rhythm. The boards to be print are supported on magnetic tooling and held by vacuity caps arranged on the home base to vouch the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first measure of the experiment is to make the solder paste publishing on to the board.Figure 3.2 Stencil printing by manusIn this undertaking unable to acquire metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by manus, below process followed to publish PCB Put weights onto the stencil to repair it turn over the squeegee over the stencil solder paste presses through the aperture onto PCB separate stencil Two circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Wholly 4 circuit boards printed.Pick and PlaceComponent of PCB placed by choice and topographic point machine ( APS Gold-Place L20 ) . robotic weaponries are used to put surface-mount devices onto PCB. Pick and topographic point process as follow. pneumatic suction noses taken by caput of arm, so moved to feeder where the constituent is loaded. The suction nozzele picks it up utilizing vacuity, and moves to the arrangement location so centers the constituent with focus oning fingers. After justified aligned point, it places the constituent onto solder paste.Figure 3.3 APS Gold-Place L203.3 SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS & A ; PROFILEFigure 3.4 reflow ovenReflow procedure is really of import to accomplish a good dependable solder articulation. Novastar 2000 HT convectional reflow oven is used in research lab for the probe. When making the reflow procedure with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a m inimal peak temperature of 150.It is by and large accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 230 – 240.reflow oven has six warming zones and chilling zone. ( Wu J.2000 ) Reflow profile will be impacting the dependability of a solder articulation. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic beds in a solder articulation. Intermettalic bed is a critical portion of a solder articulation. An intermettalic bond thickness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must bring forth solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer.. ( Zhang RR.2001 )PREHEAT ZONEIn this zone indicates how the temperature is altering fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is normally between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be harm to constituents from thermic daze. Merely In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to vaporize. So if the rise rate is excessively low the vaporization of flux is non uncomplete. This will impact the quality of the solder articulation.THERMAL SOAK ZONEIt is besides called the flux activation zone. In this thermic soak zone it will take 60-120 seconds for remotion of solder paste an d activation of fluxes. Solder splatter and balling will be go on if the temperature is excessively high or excessively low. End of this thermic daze zone a thermic equilibrium will finish the full circuit board.REFLOW ZONEIn this reflow zone merely the maximal temperature will be reached. In this zone we have to see about the peak temperature that is the maximal allowable temperature of full procedure. It is really of import to supervise this maximal temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may do harm to the internal dies of SMT constituents and a block to the growing of intermetalic bonds. we have to see the profile clip besides. If clip exceeds than the industries specification it besides affect the circuit board ‘s quality.Cooling ZoneIn the reflow procedure the last zone is chilling zone. A proper chilling inhabits extra intermetallic formation or thermic daze to the constituents. By and large the chilling zone temperature scope is 30 – 100. In this undertaking, the undermentioned temperature profiles were selected. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free bonding. Zone 1 220 Zone 2 180 Zone 3 170 Zone 4 190 Zone5 233 Zone 6 233 Wholly 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was non involves any defects or amendss in the printed circuit board.Figure 3.5 Reflow profileFigure 3.6 printed circuit board after reflowSET UP EVENT DETECTORFigure 3.7 Event sensorThe constructed PCB ‘s were connected with event sensor by thread informations overseas telegram. Ribbon overseas telegram addressed harmonizing to `Analysis tech STD series event sensors manual ‘ . pins 1 to 32 map as beginning terminus and pins 33 to 37 map as land terminus.Figure 3.8 Ribbon overseas telegram pin referenceTo obtain closed cringle circuit to supervise the behavior of PCB constituents, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to impart 1,2,33 and 34 severally.Ribbon overseas telegramAfter connected thread overseas telegram with event sensor and environment chamber, channels are assigned in â€Å" WIN DATA LOG † package which supplied with event sensor. For this trial following scenes define for informations acquisition.Figure 3.9 set up trial informations in event sensor3.5 INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOINT UNDER VIBRATION CHAMERFigure 3.10 Design Environmental FS800-70SVIn this survey, PCB ‘s were used in Variable Frequency Vibration Test to analyze the dynamic response of PCB assembly subjected to random quiver burden. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration degrees to measure the solder articulation dependability subjected changing G-level quiver tonss ( G is the gravitative acceleration ) , severally. Vibration trials were accomplished by utilizing an electro dynamic Shaker ( Design Environmental FS800-70SV ) and event sensor. One accelerometer was used to find the dynamic response of the specimen, Daisy concatenation cringles were monitored at the same time by an Event Detector during quiver trial. Any opposition alteration transcending a preset threshold with minimal continuance of 200ns can be d etected by the Event Detector. When a cleft is initiated in the solder articulation during the quiver trial, the opposition will increase. The failure standards recommended by IPC – 785 criterion is defined as daisy concatenation opposition by thermic or mechanical transients or perturbations in the signifier of short continuance ( ~ 1 A µsec ) high opposition spikes ( & gt ; 300 a„ ¦ ) . During thermic alterations the solder articulations are capable to shear, non tensile, lading ; hence, fracture surfaces of fractured solder articulations slide relative to each other bring forthing the characteristic short continuance intermittent. Therefore, in this context, the practical definition of solder joint failure is the break of electrical continuity ( & gt ; 300 ohms ) for periods greater than 1 microsecond. Figure 3.11 PCB ‘s was mounted inside the Environment chamber in this mode. Figure 3.12 Above tabular array exemplifying trial program.Figure 3.13 Trial programFigure 3.14 graphs obtained from chamberChapter 4ConsequencePCB board Failure rate ( % ) Operation clip ( hours ) Dependability 1 24.0 5 0 2 63.0 13.04 0 3 1.6 0.3305 0.5893 4 2.5 0.5083 0.2806Table 4.1 dependability of solder pasteThe proving began with 1 GRMS. The intent of this to observe any gross issues in solder articulations, every bit good as with the informations acquisition system. No failures were detected at beginning, nevertheless, after 1.5GRMS an review revealed that both PCBs 3 and 4 were failed. Following, quiver degrees were stepped bit by bit to 6GRMS increases over the period of five hours PCB 1 got failed, In 13.04 hr ‘s period the chamber reached degree of about 14GRMS, staying PCB besides got failed. However, the failure mechanism was attributed to a quiver moving on the solder connexion particular to these parts and was straight related to thermic mistakes. Failure rate Time elapsed Above graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn42Bi57Ag1 Failure rate Time elapsed Above graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5Chapter 5RESULT ANALYSISFrom dependability analysis sample 3 has maximum dependability and sample 2 has minimum dependability. Each sample was subjected to nominal supply current and opposition value in conformity with the design and public presentation specification. Respective trial samples continued to vibrate with some public presentation abnormalities observed. The aim of this experiment was to utilize HALT quiver to set up the relationship between the life of similar parts soldered with different solder composings. The consequences proved inconclusive for the primary intent of â€Å" Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 † versus â€Å" Sn42Bi57Ag1 † articulation random quiver trial. Both composings demonstrated weak public presentation and the consequences may propose that with regard to this brief random quiver trial, solder articulation dependability is different between the two composings. No samples were separated from the trial vehicle as a consequence of the quiver applied. However, the trial procedure revealed insight into HALT and suggested factors which can impact consequences when soldered constituents are being compared. First, Printed circuit board kineticss would be understood and controlled so that acceleration hot musca volitanss and nothings are made more equal in amplitude. A flexible PCB will debar and bring forth bending emphasiss suited for measuring emphasis on solder articulations. But with a flexible board acceleration uniformity become hard to command and do a comparing trial less nonsubjective. Second, HALT random quiver is a good methodological analysis for bring forthing multi-axis wide spectrum energy for PCBs and their constituents. ( Wu J.2000 ) The typical method to analyze the functionality of a PCB in a quiver environment is to verify the quiver transmissibility. Normally the transmissibility at any location of PCB should be less than a factor of 10, i.e. , 1 G input will non bring forth more than 10 G end product at any location of the PCB. To accomplish this end, two methods can be applied to the PCB design. One is to restrain the PCB tightly to the fixture, which can be realized by bettering the boundary conditions in the finite component analysis theoretical account. The other is to relocate heavy affiliated constituents of the PCB board to allow optimum locations ( i.e. , mass re-distribution ) . ( Wu J.2000 ) Lead free solder assemblies have quickly been promote in the micro-packaging development to forestall the environmental pollution, issues on the dependability has non been clearly solved. Several experiments have been conducted on the soundness of alternate lead free soldering technique such as Sn-Ag-Cu solder. During the bumping procedure, a considerable thermic distortion is occurred and the chemical features of solder and bed qualities are besides changed in agreement with the surface completing method such as ET ( electric Sn ) , ENEPIG ( electro less nickel, electro less Pd and submergence gold ) etc. The IMC ( intermetallic compound ) bed is formed in a micro-scale part between the solder and the surface completing stuff under high temperature adhering procedure. In the field of micro-packaging together with IMC bed, one of the most hard issues is to mensurate width interface beds in a solder articulations. Since the IMC beds have been estimated as the weakest subdivision in th e solder articulations, a accurate finding of mechanical belongingss in the country of this critical part may supply direct and enhanced information to understand the break behavior. aˆ? . ( Zhang RR.2001 ) stringency of mounting bolt of PCB reduced during experiment. Due to this consequence the PCB stated to vibrate freely. Applied quiver force was non shared uniformly. From finite component analysis alterations in stringency of mountin bolt can be realize.Chapter 6DecisionThe decisions ensuing from this work are:.Interactions between temperature and quiver were found important and therefore had influence on concluding consequence. Stencil printing by manus affect the solder joint dependability. Better apprehension gained about electronic assembly behaviors when subjected to quiver. Gained cognition about electronic assembly procedure and how it is act uponing in solder articulation dependability. Gained good experience in managing event sensor and environmental proving chamber.Chapter 7FUTURE WORKSIn this undertaking investigated the consequence of quiver of solder articulation dependability in electronic assembly. For this probe two different types solder paste used, eventually all specimens were tested in environmental Chamber. In this undertaking when making quiver trial informations acquired by event sensor is non accurate value. From informations obtained from event sensor does non give proper analytical consequence. In sing about the hereafter works of this undertaking can be expand based on acquirable informations type, every bit good as finite component analysis because dependability of a solder articulation depends on assorted environmental factors, so result analysis will be more accurate and stand with more international criterions.

Shangri-La Hotels

What are the key elements of Shangri-La Hotel’s strategy? Which of the five generic competitive strategies described in Chapter 5 is the company employing? What is Shangri-La’s strategy for competing internationally? 2. What policies, practices, support systems, and management approaches underlie Shangri-La’s efforts to execute its strategy? 3. How important are the company’s training and Shangri-La Care program to its success? What is your assessment of Shangri-La’s compensation policies and career growth effort? What pluses and minuses do you see? . What are the key features of the culture at Shangri-La Hotels? How important is the culture in the company’s success? Explain. What impact do the company’s mission statement and the Shangri-La Care program have on the company’s culture? 5. What core/distinctive competencies has management at Shangri-La tried to build and nurture? What challenges does the company face as it attempts to transfer its core and distinctive competencies to other cultures? How has the company attempted to resolve these challenges? Has it been successful in doing so? 6.What does the company’s financial and operational performance reveal about how successful its strategy and strategy implementation efforts have been? Should shareholders be pleased with the company’s financial performance? Why or why not? What financial and operating performance pluses and minuses do you see? 7. What challenges does Shangri-La face in expanding into Eastern China? Do you believe the company’s current policies and operating procedures will be sufficient in addressing these challenges? If so, why? If not, what else may need to be done? 8. How do the challenges associated with Shangri-La’s expansion into Europe,Australia, and North America compare with the company’s expansion in China? Do you believe the company’s current policies and operating procedures will be sufficient in addressing these challenges? If so, why? If not, what else may need to be done? 9. How big a threat does the expansion of other hotel chains into China pose for Shangri-La Hotels? What specific challenges are likely to arise as a result of this expansion? How should Shangri-La address these challenges? 10. What recommendations would you make to Symon Bridle to improve Shangri-La’s prospects for continued success? Shangri-La Hotels Shangri-La Hotels Contents Background Executive Summary Problem Statement Current Strategy External Environment VRINE Model Internal Analysis TOWS Analysis Value Chain Analysis Key Success Factors Alternatives Recommendations Implementation Plan Prologue Appendices Background Hong Kong-based Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts is Asia Pacific's leading luxury hotel group and regarded as one of the world’s finest hotel ownership and management companies. The Shangri-La story began in 1971 with its first deluxe hotel in Singapore. Today, there are  71 hotels and resorts throughout Asia Pacific, North America, the Middle East, and Europe,  representing a room inventory of over 30,000. In addition, new hotels are under development in  Austria, Canada, mainland China, India, Macau, Philippines, Qatar, Turkey and United Kingdom. Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to provide a strategic analysis of Shangri-La Hotels and its rapidly expanding business of luxury hotels into Eastern China, Europe, North America, and Australia; while still holding on to Shangri-La’s signature standards of â€Å"Shangri-La Hospitality. My analysis supports the recommendation that Shangri-La hotels have the required resources, expertise and efficiencies to successfully expand into these markets even with the tight labor markets and vast cultural differences Problem Statement Shangri-La Hotels is attempting to expand its business into other countries; however, expanding into high-wage economies’ such as E urope and North America could tarnish their brand and lead to a reduced overall profit. Current Strategy External Analysis PESTEL Analysis Political – little impact in Canada, however foreign companies may restrict trade or impose tariffs, thus increasing costs. Free trade may help or hinder companies. Favorable taxation or subsidies in other countries may assist competitors. Economic – Collectivity stage and needing to delegate (marketing). Interest rates, currency fluctuations and unemployment are factors. Social and Cultural – Foreign interest in products could be a fad. Advantage is quality. Technological – improved production/packaging technology needed Environmental- could focus on recyclable, reusable packaging. Legal- Foreign sales may require changes or inter-provincial sales may result in abiding by various provincial regulations. | Test| Competitive Implication| Performance Implication| Valuable| Does the resource or capability allow the firm to meet a market demand or protect the firm from market uncertainties| The product itself doesn’t protect the firm from uncertainties. The marketing concept of a healthy product, charming PEI and authentic ‘goodness’ is the competitive edge. Protecting the branded image and promotion is important in sustaining the market position and increasing this position. | Rare| Assuming the resource or capability is valuable, is it scarce relative to demand? Or is it widely possessed by most competitors| The preserve product can be copied. Strawberry jam has the most demand and supply meets demand in N America. Unique product combining high fruit content and liquors. | Product is easily copied; therefore it is important to differentiate fro m the competition with use of specific formulas of ingredients to have a unique taste. Inimitable and non substitutable| Assuming a valuable and rare resource how difficult is it for competitors to either imitate the resource or capability or substitute for it with other resources and capabilities that accomplish similar benefits| Preserve resource is not rare. The culture of home made natural image in the PEI setting is the rarity and could be substituted but countered with its original/ authentic brand. | Product is easily copied, so value must be in packaging/image/marketing appeal. Exploitable| For each set of the preceding steps of the VRINE test, can the firm actually exploit the resources and capabilities that it owns or controls? | One resource that the company has access to is the fresh fruit within the region, therefore there is the potential that the Company could monopolize the fruit market in the area. | Product is easily produced with access to fruit in the area. | Int ernal Analysis Functional Analysis Production Marketing Human Resources Finance Value Chain Analysis TOWS Analysis | From External Analysis| Opportunities1. New national and international markets/customers2. Custom production to utilize spare capacity3. Japanese tourism and marketplace4. Potential to tailor products to consumers in each geographical region| Threats:1. Potential entrants/substitutions claiming PEI origin2. Tariffs on exports make the product a less competitive price3. Labor intensive and seasonal labor 4. Significant currency fluctuations can impede exporting| From InternalAnalysis| Strengths:1. Quality product attracting premium pricing2. PEI ethnicity and charm3. Favorable tax status in Cda4. Increased sales and international interest5. Fresh local produce not requiring freight and storage costs6. Quality staff with low turnover. | SO strategies (use strengths to take advantage of opportunities)Increasing sales across Canada will promote PEI, incur favourable tax status vs imported products and therefore increase/improve competivenessJapanese market can be tapped with Japanese tourism in Canada (Vancouver/Toronto) without incurring the prohibitive multi levels of taxes and levies. Expansion would not only include different geographical locations but includes the potential to utilize quality staff throughout the year, rather than only seasonallyPromote company culture| ST Strategies (use advantages of strengths to overcome threats)PEI authenticity and premium gourmet product with specific marketing highlights to overshadow competitors substitutions. Selling to tourists within Canada, with no GST/PST or tariffs makes the product more attractive Selling nationally reduces freight/shipping damages and more inventory control | | Weaknesses1. Marketing plan2. Restaurant business dilutes core business3. Seasonal business4. Underutilized capacity5. Management’s lack of experience in growth management| WO strategies (use opportunities to overcome weaknesses)Custom production, expansion of selling to new markets/customers and effective marketing plan can utilize the unused capacity and even out the seasonal nature of the business Outsource canning, packing – research alternatives with environmental/recycle benefits| WT strategies (use defensive strategies to minimize weaknesses and avoid threats) Targeted marketing plan and sales agent to identify the place and promotion of the 4P’s to expand sales and sales mix. Increased sales and production would require full time staff and reduce seasonality which would increase ability to retain quality staff. | Key Success Factors Alternatives 1. Pro Con 2. Pro Con 3. Pro Con Recommendation Implementation Plan Short-Term Long-Term Prologue According to the SHANGRI-LA ASIA financial reports for 2006 through 2009 the Asian division has had an increasing net income with the exception of 2008. Proving that Shangri-La has been a success in Asia, even with the expansion into the Chinese market. Appendices Bargaining Power of Suppliers Substitute Products Bargaining Power of Buyers Threats of new entrants Competitors-Airbus/Boeing CCCComCompetitAIRBUS/Boeing Airlines Leasing companies Governmental institutions FAA, IATA, EPA Other regulating bodies Advance in short haul turboprop technology Advances in automotives industry and infrastructures High speed train Advances in telecommunications: video conferences etc†¦ Engine manufacturer Electronic, Semiconductor etc†¦ Others manufacturers such as metal, composite materials Government institutions Capital sources investors and banks FAA, IATA, EPA Other regulating bodies Mitsubishi Others emerging power Others small aircraft manufacturers Military companies: Dassault, Lockheed, ATR Mission Statement We envision a community of responsible and educated citizens who are environmentally conscious, practice social responsibility in their daily lives and inspire others to do the same. We commit to operating in an economically, socially and environmentally responsible manner whilst balancing the interests of diverse stakeholders. We strive to be a leader in corporate citizenship and sustainable development, caring for our employees and customers, seeking to enrich the quality of life for the communities in which we do business, and serving as good stewards of society and the environment. Partnering for the Future With a solid foundation and reputation for excellence in Asia Pacific, the Middle East and North America, the company's strategic plan now incorporates the goal of expanding the Shangri-La brand globally by operating deluxe hotels in gateway cities and key resorts around the world under management agreements, equity participation or ownership. Given the commitment to becoming a top-end global hotel company, the development functions of Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts are directly led by the President and Chief Executive Officer. Shangri-La has always believed in the unique characteristics encapsulated by Asian Hospitality. Our commitment to providing guests with distinctive Asian standards of hospitality and service from caring people remains our major point of differentiation from our peers and the very cornerstone of our reputation as a world-class hotel group. â€Å"Pride without arrogance† is of particular importance as we want our people to be internally proud of our achievements but outwardly humble. After all, the hallmark of true success is that it does not need to be stated. In striving to delight customers each and every time they stay with us we aim to exceed expectations through consistently providing quality and value in our products and services. That’s why we look for trendsetters, professionals who are enthused by innovation and driven by achievement. Environment Our  daily operations ensure that we mitigate the impact of climate change, uphold biodiversity in conservation/habitat restoration, adopt the best practices in preventing ozone depletion, and continually strive to improve ater-use management, waste-disposal management and indoor air quality. Health & Safety We  are committed to protecting our customers, employees, stakeholders and the greater public by providing a safe and healthy environment based on international standards. Employees Our colleagues are our number-one asset, and our source of inspiration for the greater communities with which we work. We value our stakeholders and always engage them with clarity, honesty, and respect. We require that our business partners ensure the highest standards in environmental, hygiene and labour practices. We believe that caring for others today allows them to care for themselves and others tomorrow. ‘Embrace’ aims to build, strengthen and sustain local communities through various and specific education and health projects. Each of our resorts provides a natural habitat for flourishing biodiversity. The ‘sanctuary' is Shangri-La’s project for ensuring the highest standards in marine and terrestrial habitat restoration and environmental conservation.

The Overview of a Documentary Film about New York City Movie Review

The Overview of a Documentary Film about New York City - Movie Review Example The essay "The Overview of a Documentary Film about New York City" talks about the overall impression of the film and how the character of the city of New York is presented in the film. The film gives the impression of various perspectives by taking into consideration the events of the period in regard to a diverse journalist, historians, and corresponding politicians. The New York City comes across as the main architecture the conviction of the five boys in regard to the police racial discrimination on the minorities' blacks. It is evidence on the haste judgment by the police in respect to forcing their underlying confessions and later within the press that documentary meticulously details with a deep, credible schedule. Eventually, the lives of the victims are adversely affected that of Meili mostly. The race aids in depicting the cultural and ethnopolitical leanings of the day to day events. It also assists in uncovering the racial strains amidst the police and the similar ethnic minorities in respect to the fervor and rioting occurrence. Women are depicted as the endangered species within the society that ought to be safeguarded and offered with constant protection from bad people within the organization. It is evidence when the boys admit they perform the role of committing a crime in the New York City mainly to female counterparts. Social class plays the significance role in the determination of events within the society and legal institutions that are the American elites.

Quality Management at EMC Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Management at EMC - Research Paper Example Two aspects of process capability relates to: measuring the variability of the output of a process; and comparing that variability with a proposed specification or product tolerance level (Wikipedia 2011). The output of any process is expected to meet the requirements of customers’ specifications or product tolerances. Before process capability can be determined a survey needs to be carried out to determine customer specifications. The process should then be allowed to run several times to determine whether the process is stable. Statistical process control is used to test if a process is stable or unstable. If processes drift or shift significantly process capability indices are not applicable as they require statistical control. If the process is out of statistical control then capability does not mean anything as it only points to a general problem instead of being specific. There seems to be some knowledge of what the problem is at EMC and so process capability studies sho uld be possible. The plating and finishing process needs to be given close attention since the complaints relate to plastic insert falling out and sharp edges on the brackets. Last year there were 56 complaints; however, within four months of the current year there are 49 complaints. The fact is that no information is given in terms of how many products were manufactured last year or if the products that were found to be defective this year relates to last years production. Since there is some uncertainty there a number of process runs will be required in order to find out where the problem lies as there may be more problems than those that have been identified so far. Statistical control can be carried out to determine the measure of variability of each process. Statistical process control or control chart is a graph which is used to study how a process changes overtime (ASQ n.d.). If the process is stable then the mean and standard deviation can be reliably estimated. Process capa bility studies and statistical process control can be implemented by EMC but this has to start with management. They have to believe that a problem exists. Additionally, they have to have a specification that they require and this should be based on the customer requirements. The survey will assist management to determine which processes needs to be improved and which does not add value and therefore needs be eliminated. Quality improvements need to be a team effort and all employees at EMC need to be involved. The information from process capability studies and statistical control will indicate what level the firm is at. This can be translated into Sigma to determine how far the company is from achieving Six Sigma and ultimately zero defects. If EMC does not have persons who are qualified to coordinate the process then a consultant needs to be employed. A systematic approach has to be taken to solving the problem and as Deming suggests EMC needs to practice PDCA - Plan what is need ed; Do it; Check that it works; Act to correct any problems or improve performance (Business Balls n.d). Utilizing a Six Sigma Program A number of companies including Motorola and General Electric have utilized the Six Sigma program in their program to help improve their bottom line. This led to Motorola achieving the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in

3short questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3short questions - Assignment Example In addition, any government has a responsibility of protecting the rights and freedoms of her citizens which organizations tend to overlook so as to maximize their profitability. It is the duty of government agencies to ensure that workers’ rights and freedoms such as working conditions, salary and remunerations as well as working hours are observed. Government interference with business operations is also justified by the fact that this is one of the few ways in which business organizations can be forced to engage in operations that are legitimate (Macdonald 72). Such interference ensures that organizations restrict their operations as stipulated in the memorandum of association and article of association and do not engage in acts of lawlessness Businesses participate in politics through various strategies such as through the use of lobby groups and other business professionals. Business organizations sponsor lobbyists and professionals who act on their behalf to ensure that their organizations have made adequate contacts for with the politicians. Though there are rules and regulations that are made to prevent fraud and corruption, businesses through lobbyists end up breaking these rules particularly in the corrupt countries to bribe politicians (law makers) so that they can pass bills that favor their operations. The primary goals as to why business organizations involve themselves in politics are to get contact and to ensure that the elected political leaders are of their choice or are persons whom they share similar business ideologies. Politicians, who are in most countries law and policy makers can create a good business environment/climate that would make business organizations flourish or a hostile environment that would make it collapse (Macdonald 56). Government policies are some of the main factors that

International Quality Management System - Practice exam Coursework

International Quality Management System - Practice exam - Coursework Example Delivering quality products and services also help in building a reputation for business, which influences the achievement of competitive advantage (Goetsch & Davis, 2013). In many cases, businesses seek to achieve accreditation from the international body that recognizes quality standards. The body gives ISO certification to businesses that meet the international quality standards, which helps in building a company’s brand and reputation. Quality is not achievable unless created, meaning that the products and services being able to achieve quality standards cannot happen by accident. The achievement of quality is a process because quality helps in the creation of value for both customers and the business. Based on this understanding, businesses have shifted from only achieving quality, but improving on this process by applying total quality management. Total quality management is a process that focuses on increasing a company’s competitive level through the constant improvement of its functions. Functions in this case include services, business processes, employees, products, and the business environment (p. 4). Total quality management also focuses on the continuously attaining customer satisfaction at the lowest costs. Quality can be achieved by improving a business’ operation characteristics, making the products be durable, reliable and the features of the product. Juran defined quality as ‘fitness for use’ and was of the belief that money was the language that is mainly used in management. Juran developed the Juran’s trilogy that had quality improvement, quality control and quality planning as the three main elements. In quality planning, Juran intimated that it is important for a business to identify its customers and their needs before embarking on the process of delivering quality (p. 10). Once these elements have been identified, a business can be able to develop products and services that can meet the needs of the customers. For this

Philosophy of Special Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy of Special Education - Research Paper Example people who are enabled differently, to cope with the rest of the society, it becomes imperative and key that such students would be taught in schools. To begin with, school would be necessary to enhance the civic aspect and cognitive abilities of the special needs students. The things they would learn in school would sharpen their cognitive abilities and acuity towards the same goal and objective. Secondly, the school setting and environment would improve the emotional acuity and sharpness. The fact that a student gets to share the same environment with others means that different emotions such as extreme happiness and sadness get to occur in such a place. If for instance, in one day such a student gets extremely overjoyed and the minute he or she is annoyed, after some time, the student would find the right level of emotional balance. Subsequently, a school would enable such a student with special needs and special abilities to develop vocational skills and talents which would enable him or her to earn a livelihood (Spring, 2013, p. 19). Given the fact that the intelligence disposition and quotient of the special needs students or people may not allow them to pursue professional courses such as medicine, they would instead pursue vocational courses. At the long end, they would use their vocational skills and trainings to earn livelihoods and lead descent independent lives. Equally important is that schools help the special needs people or students to develop and grow their social lives. It is only through interacting with other people that one gets to develop and practice interpersonal skills such as talking, communicating, relating, apologizing, and showing gratitude amongst other social abilities. A school would also a special need student to develop moral responsibility and care so that he or she would be a co mplete person in the human society, able to relate and co-exist with others. These learner with special skills and abilities may in the ordinary sense

Elder abuse and death claims Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elder abuse and death claims - Assignment Example One of the most salient social themes that come out in the story is that of abuse and how extensive it can go without being disclosed or realised. Victims of abuse have, in many cases, been silenced or intimidated to silence especially if they are minors or physically challenged (Oliver and Charles, 2015: 135). Philips’ case is no exception as he received countless abuses but continued to be quiet for very many years. Impairment/disability according to Bennett (2012:194), are a risk factor that puts individuals at high chances of being abused. Individuals suffering from impairments and disabilities especially physical and mental paralysis are taken advantage of as they lack the capacity for self-dependence. Bonnano (2012: 738) argues that dependence on other people for social support is the reason that makes this group fall prey to abusers.Disabilities hinder one from acquiring skills that can help them to manage their lives especially in the financial aspect (Larkin, Shields and Anda, 2012: 267). They have to depend on family members and other people to help them sign or fill forms that relate to financial matters. It is at this time that the abusers take advantage to exploit and defraud the victims. Philips’s cerebral palsy situation does not just affect his physical well-being but also his physiological status. This has put him in a situation where he has to depend on them fully for all-around support. Physical as well as emotional abuse becomes almost inevitable (2012:194).

Structural theory and family development applied to a hypothetical Assignment

Structural theory and family development applied to a hypothetical case - Assignment Example The nurse will also work in collaboration with the spiritual leaders to uplift hope in life Ungar (2010). Additionally, the nurse will be instrumental in seeking the assistance of local or government authority that would offer them help, in this case Mrs. Jones. In this particular scenario, family structural and development theory can be of great help. In the case of household development theory, the family as a unit is viewed in biological, social and psychological perspective and development. For the event of the biological needs, the member of the family in needs, will be taken care of more. For the babies in the family, will need more of the care than the teenage. The biological need for the chronically ill patient needs to be more than the healthy one. According Ungar (2010) the social development of the family can be affected by the culture and the society and development. For the nurse taking care of the family need to put the culture and the society in consideration. The psychological development of the family can be compared with individual stage of growth. Since in this scenario the family is mature, and the mother has grandchildren, so the approach needs to be mature. The family structural theory, on the other hand, the persons character is a function of our relations with others. This family behavior will be developed in accordance with relation with others. This family has many relations where the widow is a mother with the chronic illness, the daughter who is the bread winner and the grandchildren. The interrelation of the family needs to be robust to have good behavior in the family. Family education in this scenario is very vital. The information is given on how to live positively and reinforced with knowledge to help this family to have control over and allow them have improved health. This will enable the family to shift the focus from just the behavior

Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media and Communication - Essay Example 210-212). Blog is also a kind of social networking site. According to Enzer (1994), Blog can be defined as a website or webpage manage by an individual or organization or group of people in which items are posted on a regular basis and displayed in a reverse chronological order. According to him the word blog is a short form of weblog. Maintaining a blog or adding any article or comments in any existing blog is knows as blogging. Articles or comments post in a blog known as blog posts, posts or entries. A person who is making these posts is the blogger. Generally a blog is consisting of text, hypertext, images, and links. According to Enzer, it is a more conventional way of documentation (Enzer, 1994). According to Rowse (2005), there are some features associated with any blog. These are archives and comments. Archives of any blog consist of old massages or post made by any individual on any blog. As the comments posted in blogs are arranged reverse chronological orders, so the older post goes to the archives. Comments are the feedback given by individuals about the particular blog or about the current topic which is under discussion (Rowse, 2005). Analysis of Blog: This work is all about analyzing a particular blog in respect of its context, style, designing, popularity and relevance to the society. The blog we are reviewing here is Golf’s Girl Diary. The blog Golf Girl’s Diary was one of the first blog associated with the sports of golf, owned by golfer Patrica Hannigan. She is from Danbury CT. It is unique in many ways. First of all it is associated with golf and owned by a women golfer. Secondly it is one of first independent golf blog managed by a lady golfer. So the curiosity about the topic of this blog is always on the higher side. In her blog, she has various comments and article associated with golf lifestyle as well as travel publication. She is also well known as she appeared on inside edition and Good Morning America. One main thing a ssociated with this blog is, after the Tiger Woods saga in Golf, she has become a go to voice in terms of female perspective in the sport of golf. The design of the blog is very attractive and eye catchy. Uses of different colors on the home page of this blog make it even more interesting. The home page consist of her info give us an overview of who is she, what she up to and also about the significance of this blog. Her blog gives us an overview of the book Little Tartan, which is written by her and dedicated to all the women who want to be a golfer but not able to be. The overview of the book also gives us a clear idea about her mindset, her ways to look forward to the life and how she takes the life. In her blog post there are links of almost all the golf player who are well known in this sport. On a way one can consider this blog as a small encyclopedia about modern day golf players. Apart from the details of the players there are few videos also which also interesting. Overall the arrangement and structure of the blog is very attractive. Now let’s discuss about her blogs. As she is a golf player it is obvious that her blogs also related to the sports itself. In her blog posts she has discussed every possible minute details, technical

Universal Education Essay Example for Free

Universal Education Essay Educate because knowledge is the only thing that can be in life. Let me explain why universal education is one of the most important things in life. There are some reasons that is really important for everybody. Universal Education is an educational project that should involve every country in the world, as education can promote fundamental qualities and values, including ethics, wisdom and responsibility. Thus, being universal means that education can be shared by all people regardless of age, culture, race or religion. The goal is to educate for a meaningful life, and because change begins at home. Education can help to develop the potential and thus achieve happiness and personal excellence. It can also to contribute to the welfare of others and result in a better society and a more harmonious world. Today, most people do not know their own reality, the whole complex of human nature. There are some examples, but one that most impressed me was this: â€Å"The chances of young people who have completed primary education from contracting HIV are half of those who have not received education. Universal primary education would prevent 700,000 cases of HIV each year, approximately 30% of all new infections in this age group†. (Oxfam) Every human being should have the opportunity to build a better life. Unfortunately, too many children are growing up today in the world without that opportunity because they are denied the basic right to even attend primary school. To end up, once and for all, extreme poverty in the world as we know it, we must move to achieve peace and security Citizens of every country should have opportunities and choices to ensure their welfare and their families. References Lama, Yeshe. â€Å"What is universal education? †. [Online]. Available at: www. educacionunivesal. org , June 2012. Bont, Paco. â€Å"Education Front†. [ONLINE] available at: www. elblogpacobono. blogspot. com September 12th, 2011.

Assessment of Ureteroscopy During Pregnancy

Assessment of Ureteroscopy During Pregnancy INTRODUCTION Urolithiasis during pregnancy is an infrequent condition, with an incidence of 0.026 to 0.531 percent in the medical literature (1). Renal colic is the most common presentation of urolithiasis, as well as the most common nonobstetric cause of hospitalization during pregnancy and a predetermining factor of premature labor especially if accompanied by urinary tract infection(2,3). In approximately 70 percent of the cases the stone is passed spontaneously with the use of analgesics and hydration. (4-7) In other cases the onset of infection, fever and refractory ureteral colic require a variety of endourologic actions such as stent placement treatment(8). The diagnosis of ureteral calculi in pregnant women is often difficult because of the serious risks presented by radiation exposure, especially during the first trimester. As such, the diagnosis is best based on clinical data, urinalysis and ultrasound examinations; however, ultrasound does not always provide a clear diagnostic picture, even though at times color flow Doppler ultrasound may be useful (9). Further diagnostic efforts are indicated when the patient has intractable pain or upper urinary tract infection, or if renal function is decreasing for which a more precise diagnosis aims at specific treatment. In this situation ureteroscopy was considered a useful option, since it combines the diagnostic procedure with definitive treatment(10). Because of the recent advances in the techniques and technology in the field of ureteroscopy, the new and thinner semirigid and flexible ureteroscopes have allowed easy access to the ureter without any need for dilation and with minimal manipulation. (11) Ureteroscopy can be performed successfully for ureteral calculi in pregnant women and stones can be removed with the stone basket or fragmented with ultrasonic ballistic or laser lithotriptors under sedation-analgesia (12-14). Ureteroscopy can be performed with greater care when the patient is under sedation-analgesia than if spinal or general anesthesia is used, since the patient can collaborate during the procedure. Therefore, sedation-analgesia may be preferred when ureteroscopy is performed in pregnant patients (15,16). For reasons mentioned above, we have started use of minureteroscopes for managing pregnant patients with complicated stone disease not responding to medical measures and herein we present our experience with 15 p atients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2000 and 2005 we performed ureteroscopy and ureterolithotripsy on 15 pregnant patients 21 to 32 years old. All patients underwent extensive diagnostic evaluation including urinalysis, urine culture and antibiogram, complete blood picture, bleeding and coagulation times, renal and liver function tests as well as, complete abdomino-pelvic ultrasound, and an accurate obstetrical examination to evaluate the fetal condition. The women were placed on the operating table in an oblique position with the left side down when necessary to decrease the pressure of the pregnant uterus on the inferior vena cava. Sedation-analgesia with 2.5mg midazolam and 50 mg pethidine intravenously was used in the first 7 patients. In the following 8 cases 10 mg nalbuphine HCL was used in addition to midazolam. Prophylactic therapy with ampicillin/ sulbactum 1.5gm was administered before the procedure. Ureteroscopy was performed with ultrasound monitoring. The use of ionizing radiation was avoided before, during and after the procedures. Constant obstetrical monitoring was available throughout the procedures. All patients underwent ureteroscopy with thin rigid 7.0F ureteroscopes without dilation of the ureteral meatus. We used either the micro-six ACMI ureteroscope or Karl-Storz 6.9 F semirigid ureteroscope. Floppy tip guide wire 0.035 was inserted over a 6 F open tip ureteric catheter through the 22 F cystoscopy. The wire was advanced first to the collecting system where it has been fixed. In cases with difficult guide wire insertion through the cystoscope, direct ureteroscopy was then performed and a safety wire was inserted through the ureteroscope. Then the ureteroscope was advanced alongside the wire and visualization of the whole ureter was done. Once a stone is visualized a decision was made in regard to the best means of extraction. Factors, such as size, amount of speculation, degree of impaction, location within the ureter and condition of the distal ureter, were considered. Our method of choice was the use of the stone basket under direct vision. If the size of the stone preclu ded the use of the basket technique, we elected to disintegrate the stone using pneumatic intracorporeal lithotripsy. At the end of the procedure, a double pigtail ureteral stent or external ureteral catheter was placed in the ureter to avoid partial urinary obstruction and flank pain due to mucosal edema. If external stent was used, it is tied to a Foley catheter. The Foley and ureteral catheters were removed within 1 to 2 days. The operating time, hospital stay, perioperative and postoperative complications, outcome of the pregnancies and deliveries, and condition of the neonates postpartum were all recorded. All women underwent PUT and abdomino-pelvic ultrasound 6weeks after delivery. RESULTS The mean age of our patients was 25.3 years (range 21-32 years) and the mean gestation time was 28 weeks (range16-32 weeks). The main presenting symptoms and indication of surgical intervention were recurrent ureteric colic not responding to analgesics, fever, recurrent UTIs, and hematuria (table1). Urine culture was positive for ampicillin-sensitive strains of E-coli and proteus vulgaris in 3 patients. Macroscopic hematuria was found in 3 patients while microscopic hematuria was present in in 2 patients. Leukocytosis was found in 2 patients. Ultrasonography showed dilation of the renal pelvis in all cases and stones were identified in 8 cases. Upper ureteral stones were found in 3 patients while lower ureteric stones were diagnosed in 5 patients. The mean stone size diagnosed with ultrasound was 0.6cm (range from 0.5-1.2 cm). Ureteroscopy was done for all cases with the entire ureter examined without the need for ureteric orifice dilatation. Stones were extracted from the lower ureter by Dormia basket in 7 patients. Stone fragmentation with the pneumatic lithotriptor was used for stones above the iliac vessels in 6 cases and no stones have been found in 2 patients (table 2). A double pigtail ureteral catheter was inserted in 8 cases (6 patients with fragmented calculi and the 2 cases with no confirmed stone) and ensured to be in the proper position by watching its distal end in the bladder and monitoring of the upper end curling in the renal pelvis through ultrasound examination. In the 7 patients with extracted calculi, a 6 F ureteric catheter was inserted for one or two days postoperatively. Duration of the procedure ranged from 15-30 minutes and obstetric monitoring showed no signs of fetal distress or pre-term delivery. No complications encountered and convalescence was uneventful. Patients who had pain were improved remarkably and fever disappeared within the next 24 hours after the procedure. Patients were discharged home 72 days after the procedure and the external ureteric catheter was removed. Patients with double J stenting had their stent removed after labor in the two patients with negative ureteroscopic finding while patients underwent stone fragmentation had stent withdrawal after 3 weeks. All pregnancies progressed to full term delivery. Five patients had an elective Cesarean section as they had a history of previous section and no fetal abnormalities were detected. The follow up PUT and U/S performed 6 weeks postpartum revealed disappearance of renal pelvis dilatation and no calculi were found in all patients. DISCUSSION The first publications on ureteroscopic diagnosis and management of ureteral calculi during pregnancy appeared in 1988.12 The differential diagnosis of ureteral calculi versus physiological dilatation in pregnancy was rendered possible by this procedure with great assistance in management. Using ureteroscopy and stent placement, under ultrasound monitoring, was an important step forward in stone manipulation during pregnancy (12,13). It was supposed that anatomic distortions caused by the fetal presence would not allow the introduction of the rigid ureteroscope and this procedure could be of high risk to the pregnancy. However, it was proved that the natural ureteral dilation in pregnancy facilitates the introduction of the ureteroscope and the procedure could be performed easily by following the usual rules, except for the use of fluoroscopy (17). The diagnosis of ureteral calculi in pregnant women is often difficult because of the serious risks presented by radiation exposure, especially during the first trimester(9). Several investigators have highlighted the problems related to the exposure of the pregnant patients to x-rays in regard to the incidence of tumors in children who were irradiated during fetal life(9,18). Therefore, the use of x-ray for the diagnosis or management of stones during pregnancy remains controversial (19). Ultrasonography is the main diagnostic method in these cases, because besides its non-invasive nature, it does not use radiation, and is universally available (3,8). However, Ultrasound does not always provide a clear diagnostic picture, even though at times color flow Doppler ultrasound by using resistive indices may be useful (10). In our study, we avoided the use of x-ray for the diagnosis of stones during pregnancy and we depend mainly on clinical diagnosis and ultrasound examination. Renal pelvic dilatation alone or combined with calyceal dilatation was diagnosed by U/S in our patients and ureteral stones were found in 8 (61.5%) out of 13 ureteroscopically confirmed stones. Although U/S is safe under all circumstances of pregnancy, its utilization in diagnosing obstruction is of limited value owing to its sub-optimal view of the ureter and presence of hydroureteronephrosis as a physiologic concomitant of pregnancy. Hematuria, both macro and microscopic, is a frequent sign, but is not specific (4, 8, 20) while urinary tract infection is present in 20 to 45% of the cases of calculus during pregnancy (1,21-22). Among our patients, hematuria was present in 5 (33.3%) patients and asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 4 (26.7%) patients while pyelonephritis complicated 2 (13.3%) pregnant women. In the early protocols for stone management in pregnant patients, the double pigtail catheters were used to treat renal dilatation and in cases of failure, an ultrasound guided nephrostomy was preferred over the risks inherent with ureteroscopy (19). Stents and drains may have many disadvantages including accidental dislodgment, obstruction or bladder irritability and unpleasant symptoms (1). In addition, incrustation on double pigtail stents with resultant obstruction is frequent in pregnant women and it is advised that stents should be changed every few weeks during pregnancy. The repeated insertions of tubes and stents may have potential risks that may be comparable to the risk associated with ureteroscopy performed as a single procedure. (11-14). In the present series, we have used the 7F semirigid ureteroscope, without need of dilating the ureteral meatus in any of the cases. In fact, this procedure is simpler than it was supposed in the past. It was suggested that pregnant patients with ureteral calculus and fever should be treated with antibiotics and drainage by a double-J catheter. The advantage of this method is that it is an efficient and less invasive method. Ureteroscopy was not advised in these patients because ureteral manipulation and liquid injection under pressure in the excretory system may lead to bacteruria and dissemination of the infection (23). However, stent should be left until the end of pregnancy, which can be a predisposing factor to infections and may cause vesical discomfort in most patients. We have used ureteroscopy in 2 pregnant patients with pyelonephritis and obstructing ureteral calculi and stones were removed and double J stents were inserted for 3 weeks without complications. Those patients were given antibiotics according to culture and sensitivity test prior to the procedure and during ureteroscopy fluid pressure was kept at minimum and non-refluxing double J stents were used. A further advantage of ureteroscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic option is that general anesthesia can be avoided during pregnancy. With the application of mini-ureteroscopes and small instruments, general anesthesia was replaced by sedation analgesia among our patients. This aspect has already been highlighted by others who reported on flexible ureteroscopy (12). In conclusion, ureteroscopy during pregnancy can be performed safely under sedation analgesia for diagnosis and removal of ureteral calculi in cases of failure of conservative management in experienced centers with the use of miniureteroscopes and without using fluoroscopy.

The psychology behind child abuse and neglect

The psychology behind child abuse and neglect The Psychology of the Child deals with mental growth or, what amounts to the same thing, the development of behavior patterns (including consciousness) up to adolescence, the transitional phase marking the entrance of the individual into adult society. Mental growth is in- separable from physical growth: the maturation of the nervous and endocrine systems, in particular, continues until the age of sixteen. The psychology of a child must be regarded as the study of one aspect of embryogenesis, the embryogenesis of organic as well as mental growth, up to the beginning of the state of relative equilibrium which is the adult level. Child abuse is the physical and/or psychological/emotional mistreatment of children. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts or commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Most child abuse occurs in a childs home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. The mental health journal, states that child abuse is defined as any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. There are four major categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological/emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. NEGLECT: Neglect is the instance in which the responsible adult fails to adequately provide for various needs, including physical (failure to provide adequate food, clothing, or hygiene), emotional (failure to provide nurturing or affection) or educational (failure to enroll a child in school). PHYSICAL ABUSE is physical aggression directed at a child by an adult. It can involve striking, burning, choking or shaking a child. The transmission of toxins to a child through its mother (such as with fetal alcohol syndrome) can also be considered physical abuse in some jurisdictions .The distinction between child discipline and abuse is often poorly defined. Cultural norms about what constitutes abuse vary widely: among professionals as well as the wider public, people do not agree on what behaviors constitute abuse. Some human service professionals claim that cultural norms that sanction/ support physical punishment are one of the causes of child abuse, and have undertaken campaigns to redefine such norms. In the United States, the National Association of Social Workers has issued statements that even the mildest forms of physical punishment, such as moderate spanking, can lower childrens self-esteem, constitute acts of violence, and teach children that physical force is an acce ptable way to resolve conflicts. Against this latter argument, the philosopher Prof. David Benatar points out that one might as well say that fining people teaches that forcing others to give up some of their property is an acceptable way to respond to those who act in a way that one does not like. If beatings send a message, why dont detentions, imprisonments, fines, and a multitude of other punishments convey equally undesirable messages? He adds. 3 PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE also known as emotional abuse, which can involve belittling or shaming a child, inappropriate or extreme punishment and the withholding of affection. CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE is any sexual act between an adult and a child, including penetration, oral sex and forced nudity in front of the adult. According to the (American) National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, in 1997 neglect represented 54% of confirmed cases of child abuse, physical abuse 22%, sexual abuse 8%, emotional maltreatment 4%, and other forms of maltreatment 12%. A UNICEF report on child well-being stated that the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among industrial nations with respect to the wellbeing of children. This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE Child abuse is a complex problem which has multiple causes. Understanding the causes of abuse is crucial to addressing the problem of child abuse. Parents who physically abuse their spouses are more likely to physically abuse their children However, it is difficult to know whether marital strife is a cause of child abuse, or if both the marital strife and abuse are caused by tendencies in the abuser. Substance abuse is a major contributing factor to child abuse. One study found that parents with documented substance abuse, most commonly alcohol, cocaine, and heroin, were much more likely to mistreat their children, and were also much more likely to reject court-ordered services and treatments. Another study found that over two thirds of 4 cases of child maltreatment involved parents with substance abuse problems. This study specifically found relationships between alcohol and physical abuse, and between cocaine and sexual abuse. In 2009 CBS News reported that child abuse in the United States had increased during the economic recession. It gave the example of a father who had never been the primary care-taker of the children. Now that the father was in that role, the children began to come in with injuries. CAUSES OF CHILD ABUSE Children have that right to be loved. But there are those who suffer child abuse in the very sense of the word. Child abuse could either be physical, mental or sexual abuse to children. This might have certain adverse effects on the child so they must be given extra support and attention physical abuse concerns maltreatments of children in a physical way. This means hurting the children physically, or not giving them proper nutrition. Emotional abuse or mental abuse, on the other hand, is about abuse in children which affects primarily their emotions. This includes saying hurtful words to children, as well as scolding them often that lower their self esteem. Sexual abuse, however, is abuse that concerns the sexual attributes of a child. This is one of the worst cases of child abuse. Like any other abuse, child abuse also has a cause. There are many causes of child abuse. The most prominent one among the causes is mental illness, as well as psychological problems. The tendency is that people who are not in their right minds, could easily do harm to children, whether intentional or not. Also, family problems are major causes of child abuse. Parents under the power of drugs could easily hurt their children. Plus, financial problems could invoke parents or other 5 members of the family to abuse children as an outlet of their emotions. Stress could also be a root cause of child abuse. It is good to know the cause of abuse on a certain child so that the treatment and the actions could be well defined. EFFECTS OF CHILD ABUSE (SHORT TERM) Studies indicate that every day a significant number of children are exposed to serious maltreatment and neglect leading to physical and psychological injury and serious long-term consequences. Researchers are continuously examining the wide range of potential consequences of child abuse and neglect. Mounting evidence suggests that, in addition to the immediate negative effects on children, maltreatment is associated with a host of problems manifested in adolescence and adulthood. Child abuse is not, however, a short-term crisis in a childs life. Although children are removed from violent homes or leave home to live on their own, the effects of experiencing abuse in their childhood follow them through life. Child abuse can affect all aspects of a childs life and can spill over in there adult life as well. Effects of child abuse include the following: PSYCOLOGICAL EFFECTS Child abuse may permanently alter the psychological well being of a child. Following maltreatment, children are known to display the following problems: Extreme and repetitive nightmares, Anxiety. Unusually high levels of anger and aggression. Feelings of guilt and shame for sexually abused victims this can be quite severe, especially if the victim experienced some degree of pleasure during part of the abuse. Sudden phobias, such as a fear of darkness or water. 6 Psychosomatic complaints, including stomachaches, headaches, hypochondrias is, fecal soiling, bed wetting and excessive blinking. General fearfulness and a specific fear of others of the same gender as the abuser. Depressive symptoms, long bouts of sadness, social withdrawal. Self-reported social isolation and feelings of stigmatization.. After continued exposure to maltreatment, children may develop further psychological complications: Significant increase in rates of psychiatric disorders, Dissociation, intrusive thoughts suicidal ideation and more acute phobias, More serious levels of anxiety fear depression, loneliness, anger, hostility and guilt, Distorted cognition, such as chronic perceptions of danger and confusion, illogical thinking, inaccurate images of the world, shattered assumptions about the world and difficulty determining what is real, decreased effectiveness in comprehending complex roles. PHYSICAL EFFECTS In addition to the obvious physical injuries, such as broken bones, bruises and scarring, abuse is also related to several additional physical complications for children, including the following: Children who have suffered serious and chronic neglect are more likely to be smaller and lighter than non-maltreated children, which has been shown to affect long-term health. Children who are physically abused (or shaken in the case of very young children) may suffer permanent neurological damage, dramatically affecting their future development. Weight problems often emerging as eating disorders. Serious sleeps disturbances and bouts of dizziness when awake. 7 Other stress-related symptoms, such as gastrointestinal problems, migraine headaches, difficulty breathing, hypertension, aches, pains and rashes which defy diagnosis and/or treatment, Poor overall health. BEHAVIORAL CONSEQUENCES Abused children are known to display the following behavioral problems: Developmental delays, Clinging behavior, extreme shyness and fear of strangers, Troubled socialization with peers constant fighting or socially undesirable behaviors, such as bullying, teasing or not sharing, Poor school adjustment and disruptive classroom behavior,there is a growing understanding among researchers that child maltreatment is associated with a host of behavioral problems that manifest themselves in adolescence: School-age pregnancy, Self-destructive behaviors such as self-mutilation or burning, Truancy and running away behavior, Delinquency and prostitution. Early use of drugs/alcohol and substance abuse/dependence, Eating disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia or obesity primarily among female victims,Suicide and suicide attempts. Evidence suggests that many of these problems continue into adulthood and become ingrained patterns of behavior. It is believed that in order to deal with the trauma of being abused and neglected, children and youth develop such behaviors as coping strategies. And although these behaviors eventually become self-destructive, they are often extremely difficult to abandon. EFFECT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE One of the most destructive consequences of child abuse may be the detrimental effect on 8 a childs school performance. Over and over again, research indicates that abused children demonstrate reduced intellectual functioning and perform very poorly in school. And poor school performance can have serious long-term consequences. Academic failure has been associated with antisocial behavior and quitting school. These behaviors in turn increase the risk of long-term decreased productivity, long-term economic dependence and generally lower levels of satisfaction with life as adults.58 Maltreated children may display the following: Lower overall schools performance test scores and lower language, reading and math scores. Grade repetitions, disciplinary referrals and a high number of suspensions. Working and learning at below average levels (as reported by teachers). Weaker orientation to future vocational and educational goals compared to non-maltreated children. It is understandable that maltreated children will perform poorly in school. Not only do they face the obvious complications associated with a violent home life, but neglectful and abusive parents are less likely to provide an intellectually stimulating environment for the child, read to the child, supervise homework and generally become involved in their childs academic life. EFFECT ON SEXUALITY In general, abuse adversely affects a childs concept of sexuality reduces his or her ability to set appropriate boundaries and often instills a fear or negative perception of sex. While the majority of sexual consequences are the result of sexual abuse, other forms of maltreatment can also be sexually destructive. For example, a neglected child may seek 9 sexual intimacy very early in life in order to fulfil an unmet need for parental intimacy. This creates a risk for teenage pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. The following are the major sexual consequences of maltreatment reported in the literature: Engaging in open or excessive masturbation, excessive sexual curiosity and frequent exposure of the genitals. Simulated sexual acts with siblings and friends, inappropriate sexual behavior such as breast or genital grabbing. Premature sexual knowledge sexualized kissing in friendships and with parents. In adolescence and adulthood, maltreated children continue to display sexually maladaptive behavior: Orgasmic disorders and painful intercourse, Promiscuity, Dissatisfaction with sex and negative attitudes about sex. These problems are often the result of introducing a sexual component into a parent-child relationship, which affected the childs sense of sexuality and intimacy. In essence, a child who has suffered sexual abuse can, as a result, have difficulty distinguishing between a sexual and a non-sexual relationship and therefore introduce a sexual element into all relationships. INTERPERSONAL CONSEQUENCES Child abuse can interfere with a persons ability to develop meaningful and appropriate relationships from childhood through to adulthood. Abused and neglected children are consistently rated by their peers as demonstrating socially undesirable behavior. Children displaying multiple psychological and behavioral problems often have a difficult time 10 both developing and maintaining healthy relationships. Victimization reduces social competence and limits empathic ability, both of which are necessary to establish satisfying relationships with others. Maltreated children have been known to display the following interpersonal problems: Insecure attachments to parents and caregivers,loss of close friends, difficulty in trusting others. Relationship problems, such as overly sexualized or overly conflicted relationships. Chronic dissatisfaction with adult relationships and fear of intimacy. EFFECTS ON SELF PERCEPTION Parental abuse undoubtedly affects the self-esteem of a child. A lack of interest in a child or a violent attack on a child, for example, will likely lead the child to develop a sense of unworthiness. Maltreatment has been associated with distorted or extremely negative self-images starting in childhood and continuing throughout ones life. Maltreated children typically view themselves as bad, worthless or unlovable and may develop the following problems: Extremely low levels of self-esteem, Feelings of being out of control, Inaccurate body images which often lead to eating disorders, Overwhelming sense of guilt or self-blame for the abuse, Impairment of a cohesive sense of identity, Self-disgust, self-denigration, self-hatred.   SPIRITUAL CONSEQUENCES Often, children who have been abused and neglected report having lost their sense of faith, not just a religious belief in a divine being, but also their faith in themselves, other people and the world around them. It is common for maltreated children to display what 11 some authors have called a shattered soul or soul pain. Moreover, adults who have experienced maltreatment display less interest and participation in organized religion. Systematic battering, sexual abuse, emotional attacks or the long-term neglect of a child is likely to destroy his or her spirit or enthusiasm for life. While often overlooked in the literature, the shattered soul may prove to be an extremely significant long-term consequence of child maltreatment. SUBSEQUENT VIOLENCE Victims of child abuse often become further victimized as adolescents and adults and/or become violent themselves toward their own children and in intimate relationships. According to studies on the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment, one third of all victims grow up to continue a pattern of seriously inept, neglectful or abusive child rearing as parents; one third do not; and one-third remain vulnerable to the effects of child maltreatment depending upon social stressors in their life. Adults and adolescents who report a history of child maltreatment may demonstrate the following: Maltreatment of their own children. A history of being a victim of a violent assault by a non-family member during adolescence. Perpetrating dating violence in adolescence and/or spousal violence in adulthood. Becoming a victim of an assaultive partner (most often a male abuser) and/or the victim of additional sexual assaults. CHILD ABUSE A PERMANENT AND LIFELONG TRAUMA When an orphan or adolescent experience trauma such as family violence, child abuse, or witnesses prolonged violence, several problems arise. These children might experience 12 anger, distrust, and fear commitment. Children who live through such childhood trauma often suffer permanently. Extensive studies about adults abused as children investigate the relationships between childhood trauma and problems including uncontrollable anger and a negative attitude. Miller, Villani and Sharfstein all discuss numerous factors that influence violence, including alcohol, violent threats, and a violent past (Miller, p. 61-62; and Sharfstein, p. 2). Miller (1998) presents several abuse and mistreatment studies concerning children who experience family violence at an early age and how this violence leads them to have behavioral problems as adults (p. 62). Child abuse, whether inflicted on orphans or children who live with biological parents, causes distrust, another problem and long lasting effect. Distrust can result with abused children. These children begin to distrust the people closest to them, their family, and this lack of trust carries over into adulthood. 13